SO MISC. PUBLICATION 168, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



rot is firm, the skin is tough and leathery, and the larger spots are 

 sunken. The decayed tissue is spongy or stringy and does not 

 separate readily from the healthy tissue. The rot is easiest to 

 identify when accompanied by a surface growth of white cob- 

 weblike mold. Fisheye rot differs from bull's-eye rot in not 

 having spore-bearing mold over the rot spot and in having dry, 

 spongy or stringy decayed tissue. 



The occurrence of fisheye rot seems to be associated with an 

 abundance of rainfall prior to and during harvest. In the East 

 fisheye rot frequently follows scab (pi. 7, G, H), which is favored 

 by similar weather conditions. 



Fisheye rot, like bull's-eye rot, can develop at 30° to 32° F., 

 but only slowly, and is not often found in stored fruit until late 

 in the storage season. No evidence has been seen that it can 

 spread in transit or storage. 



The decay is most common on windfalls and perhaps on those 

 apples hanging near the ground. The reason is that the causal 

 fungus is present on decaying weeds or cover crops. Consequently, 

 apples that have dropped to the ground should never be packed 

 with fruits intended for storage, even when they are apparently 

 sound. 



(See 20, 60.) 



Flyspeck 



(Leptothyrium pomi (Mont. & Ft.) Sacc.) 



Flyspeck (pi. 1, D) is well described by its name. The specks 

 occur in areas usually not more than V£ inch in diameter and, like 

 sooty blotch, are easily scraped off. The two diseases are usually 

 associated, but they are caused by different fungi. 



Flyspeck is of importance on the market only because of its 

 effect on the appearance of the fruit. It can be controlled by the 

 treatment recommended for scab. 



(See 59, 65.) 



Freezing Injury 



Freezing injury is a common cause of loss in apples during the 

 winter months. The greater portion of it occurs in transit, 

 especially in fruit shipped eastward from the Pacific Coast 

 States, which must pass through high-altitude country and remain 

 at extremely low temperatures, often for several days. However, 

 apples that show evidence of freezing injury upon reaching the 

 market have not necessarily been frozen in transit. Freezing in 

 the orchard sometimes occurs both in the East and in the West. 

 There are also occasional opportunities for freezing injury during 

 the handling or the storing of fruit previous to its actual shipment. 



At present there are no known symptoms of freezing injury 

 that clearly indicate, for a single apple, the time when or the 

 conditions under which the damage occurred. The distribution 

 of the injury in the car indicates whether freezing occurred prior 

 to loading or during the transit period. Transit freezing occurs 

 in cars without forced-air circulation first at the doorway, along 

 the floor and side walls, and near the bunkers; upon prolonged 

 exposure of the fruit to low temperature, injury may extend 

 deeper into the load. If freezing injury is not present in the 



