40 MISC. PUBLICATION 168, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



marketed apples. Such injuries usually are the result of feeding 

 by certain chewing insects early in the season when the apples 

 are small. The exact identity of the insect concerned cannot be 

 determined after the injury has healed. Among the insects 

 causing this type of injury are the fruit tree leaf roller (Ar chips 

 argyrospila (Wlkr.)) (pis. 2, E; 17), the green fruitworm (Litho- 

 phane antennata (Wlkr.)) and related species, and the rusty 

 tussock moth (Notolophus antiquus (L.)). 



The larvae of the red-banded leaf roller (Argyrotaenia veluti- 

 nana (Wlkr.)) consume extensive areas of skin and outer flesh, 

 usually in the calyx or the stem end, where two apples touch or 

 where a leaf is in contact with an apple (pi. 15, D). This species 

 recently has appeared in large numbers in eastern and midwestern 

 orchards that had been sprayed with DDT. It is usually most 

 abundant late in the season. As a result the injured areas do not 

 heal over, but offer a favorable opportunity for the entrance of 

 various rot organisms. 



(See 101.) 



Miscellaneous Rots 



In addition to the apple rots discussed under various special 

 headings there are others of minor importance, from which the 

 following fungi have been isolated : Mucor piriformis A. Fisch. ; 

 Endomyces mali I. M. Lewis; Pleospora fructicola (Newton) 

 Ruehle; Mycosphaerella tulasnei Jancz. ; Gliocladium viride Matr. ; 

 Phoma spp. ; Coniothyrium spp. ; Microdiplodia sp. ; Pestalotia 

 hartigii Tub. ; Coryneum foliicolum Fckl. ; Oospora sp. ; Cephalo- 

 sporium carpogenum Ruehle; Penicillium spp. (other than P. 

 expansum) ; Aspergillus spp. ; Trichoderma sp. ; Cladosporium 

 herbarum Fr. ; Stemphylium congestum Newton; S. congestion 

 minor Ruehle ; Fusarium spp. ; Epicoccum granulatum Penz. ; and 

 Ramulo.ria magnusiana (Sacc.) Lindau, which causes ramularia 

 rot. 



Most of these fungi grow slowly at cold-storage temperatures, 

 and only a few are as active at ordinary temperatures as gray 

 mold or the species of blue mold (Penicillium expansum) that is 

 most common on apples and pears. The rots they cause are 

 usually firm, vary in color from light to dark brown, and are not 

 readily distinguishable from each other except by laboratory 

 study. None are described here. 



(See 59, 66, 9U, 120.) 



Pansy Spot 



Pansy spot occurs on apples as areas V2 inch or more across that 

 are frequently lobed in a way suggesting the shape of a pansy 

 flower. On green or yellow apples they are white or greenish 

 (pi. 2, F) ; on well-colored Mcintosh they are light red or pink. 

 They are caused by the flower thrips (Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) ) 

 and probably by other species of thrips. At the centers may be 

 found greenish-brown corky spots, seldom more than V6 i ncn m 

 diameter, which develop around punctures made by the female 

 thrips in the process of egg laying. The spots show conspicuously 

 on green immature apples and often become prominent and 

 serious defects at harvest. In particular on the Mcintosh variety 





