IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 23 



The red-headed pine sawfly, A", lecontei Fitch, attacks young pines 

 in the Eastern States and as far west as Wisconsin. Not infrequently 

 the trees infested are completely defoliated and, as a result, are killed 

 or severely stunted (31, 1$). 



THE BIRCH LEAF MINER 



Phyllotoma nemorata Fallen 



This sawfly was described as a new species native to America but 

 was later found to be a known species that had been introduced 

 from Europe. It was first discovered in North America in Xova 

 Scotia, about 1905. Since then it has spread rapidly south and west 

 in the birch forests of Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. 

 The insect mines the leaves of birch, showing a preference for white 

 birch. The defoliation is most complete late in the growing season. 



LITERATURE CITED 



(1) Blackman, M. W. 



1922. Mississippi bark beetles. Miss. Agr. Expt Sta. Tech. Bui. 11, 

 130 p., illus. 



(2) 



1924. the effect of deficiency and excess in rainfall upon the 

 hickory bark beetle (eccoptog aster quadrispinosus say). 

 Jour. Econ. Ent. 17:460-470, illus. 



(3) Brooks, F. E. 



1922. CURCULIOS THAT ATTACK THE YOUNG FRUITS AND SHOOTS OF WALNUT 



and hickory. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1066, 16 p., illus. 



(4) Brunner, J. 



1914. THE SEQUOIA PITCH MOTH. A MENACE TO PINE IN WESTERN MONTANA, 



TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. Bui. Ill, 11 p., illus. ' 



(5) 



1915. douglas fir pitch moth. U. S. Dept. AgT. Bui. 255, 23 p., illus. 



(6) 



1915. THE ZIMMERMAN PINE MOTH. TJ. S. Dept. AgT. Bui. 295, 12 p., 



illus. 



(7) Burke, H. E. 



1905. black check in western hemlock. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. 

 Circ. 61, 10 p., illus. 

 (8) 



(9) 



1917. flat-headed borers affecting forest trees in the united states. 

 U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 437, 8 p., illus. 



1928. THE WESTERN CEDAR POLE BORER OR POWDER WORM. TJ. S. Dept. AgT. 



Tech. Bui. 48, 16 p.. illus. 



(10) Hartman, R. D., and Snydeb, T. E. 



1922. THE LEAD-CABLE BORER OR " SHORT-CIRCUIT " BEETLE IN CALIFORNLA. 



U. S. Dept Agr. Bui. 1107, 56 p., illus. 



(11) and Herbert, F. B. 



1920. California oak worm. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1076, 

 14 p., illus. 



(12) Burgess, A. F. 



1923. CONTROLLING THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN-TAfL MOTH. TJ. S. 



Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1335, 28 p., illus. 



(13) and Grossman, S. S. 



1927. THE .SATIN MOTH, A RECENTLY INTRODUCED PEST. TJ. S. Dept. AfiTT. 



Dept. Bui. 1469, 23 p., illus. 



(14) Chapman. R. N. 



1915. OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AGBILUS BILINEATUS. J0UI\ 



Agr. Research 3 : 283-294, illus. 



