IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 17 



of saplings and young trees results in stunting and malformation and 

 ultimately in low-grade timber. Over 75 per cent of the white pines 

 in this region are weeviled. resulting in a reduction in value of from 

 20 to 25 per cent below that of trees of normal development (32), 



THE EUROPEAN PINE-SHOOT MOTH 



T . Rliya-cwnia buoliana SchifT. 



This imported pine-shoot moth, first found in the United States 

 in 1914. is known in Europe as a very serious pest. The species is 

 confined to pine but is recorded as attacking " all species " of this 

 genus. It has been found in this country on Scotch pine, Austrian 

 pine, mugho pine, white pine, red pine, and longleaf pine. This 

 moth has become established in Illinois, Ohio. West Virginia, Penn- 

 sylvania. Xew Jersey, Xew York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode 

 Island, and Florida. At present it seems to be largely a nursery 

 pest. 



THE NANTUCKET PINE MOTH 



Rhyacionia frustrana Comst. 



The Xantucket pine moth is common on young pine throughout 

 the Eastern and Southern States. Periodically it becomes of great 

 importance locally. Some years ago it was introduced into the Forest 

 Service plantations at Halsey, Xebr., where it has become established 

 and is proving very injurious, especially to western yellow pine,' the 

 most desirable tree species (33, 53, 65). 



THE PINE NEEDLE SCALE 



Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch 



The pine needle scale is one of the few scale insects that are 

 serious forest pests in the United States. It occasionally becomes 

 sufficiently abundant in the forests of California and Minnesota to 

 weaken the trees and make them susceptible to bark-beetle attack. 

 It is also an important pest of ornamental pine and spruce (23, 44) • 



THE CYPBESS BABK SCALE 



Ehrhornia cupressi Ehrhorn 



Monterey cypress in California, especially trees in thickly planted 

 hedgerows or windbreaks, are severely injured by this scale insect 

 (23,35). 



THE PINE SOFT SCALES 



Tourney ella spp. 



Toumeyella numismaticum (P. and McD.), T. parvicorne Ckll., 

 L^ T. pini King, and unidentified species of this genus have been re- 

 J\ ported as injurious to pines east of the Rocky Mountains. Pinus 

 sylvestris, P. divaricata, P. radiata, P. virginiana, and P. mugko are 

 recorded as hosts from Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, 

 Xorth Carolina, and Pennsylvania. T. numismaticum promises to be 

 an important pine nursery problem, as it has appeared in injurious 

 numbers in forest-tree nurseries of the South and has killed many 



