Southeastern Coastal Plain 
Acer leucoderme, chalk maple 
Aesculus parviflora, bottlebrush buckeye 
Alnus maritima, seaside alder (Delaware, Maryland, Oklahoma) 
(threatened) 
Elliottia racemosa, elliottia (endangered) 
Franklinia alatamaha, franklinia (extinct except in cultivation) 
Ilex amelanchier, sarvis holly (threatened) 
Leitneria floridana, corkwood (threatened) 
Pickneya pubens, pinckneya (threatened) 
Yucca gloriosa, moundlily yucca 
Florida 
Carya floridana, scrub hickory 
Magnolia ashei, Ashe magnolia (threatened) 
Illicium parviflorum, yellow anise-tree (threatened) 
Salix floridana, Florida willow (endangered) 
Texas 
Celtis lindheimeri, Lindheimer hackberry (also Mexico) 
Fraxinus texensis, lexas ash (also Oklahoma) 
APPLICATIONS OF THE MAPS 
Several aplications of these maps of minor eastern hardwoods 
may be repeated from previous yolumes, though most uses are 
obvious. First, the maps show where each tree species grows wild 
and can be found for study for any purposes. Also, where 
plantations or trees from locally collected seed should be successful. 
To specialists, the maps may reveal errors and suggest corrections, 
and also likely localities where further field work is needed for 
revision and where range extensions and State records may be 
sought. The natural ranges are preserved for the historical record, 
before the forests are destroyed or partly replaced by plantations of 
improved varieties and hybrids. The maps have economic value, 
suggesting possible sources of wood and other products in addition 
to the detailed information on timber volumes provided by forest 
surveys. 
The transparent overlays (Volume 1) and maps together sum- 
marize graphically the average and extreme conditions of the 
environment (temperature, precipitation, latitude, altitude, etc.) of 
each species. They provide the basis for correlation studies of 
distribution of a species and the environment, including limiting 
factors. Also, these maps may indicate local climates to which 
geographical or local races may be adapted. 
The maps are of special importance in the collection of seed. They 
show first the geographic areas and localities where seed can be 
collected from wild trees. They suggest the possible occurrence of 
geographic races and seed sources, particularly for tree improvement 
programs, including hybridization tests and for testing or introduc- 
tion beyond the native range, such as in foreign countries with 
similar climates. 
Maps can be helpful in identifying wild trees by indicating the 
presence or absence of a species in a particular area. For tree 
identification, a new handbook with revised small maps is planned. 
Finally, the maps serve as background material for such studies as 
classification, evolution, paleobotany, and genetics, and for the 
distribution of associated animals and plants, especially insects and 
parasitic fungi. 
FUTURE WORK 
A revised Atlas with highly accurate maps of the native tree species 
of continental United States could be compiled at an early date after 
additional field work in many places. Future human activities may 
affect tree distribution and obscure the natural ranges. Some forests 
are being removed by cultivation and other land uses, while others 
will be replaced by plantations of improved tree varieties and 
hybrids. A few species may become extinct at outlying stations or be 
restricted by insect pests or diseases. Others may migrate and shift 
their ranges in response to climatic cycles and other factors. ‘Thus. 
these maps showing natural ranges at present may have additional. 
historical significance in the future. 
There is still a need for more articles, bulletins, and books devoted 
to distribution maps of native tree species prepared by experienced 
resident botanists or foresters in those States not already covered by 
published references. 
3otanists and foresters are urged to publish promptly articles 
containing records on range extensions of trees from their collec- 
tions, herbaria, or observations. Duplicate specimens confirming 
these records should be deposited in one or more large herbaria. as 
well as in the State or institution herbarium. Care should be taken in 
all distribution records, including maps and herbarium labels, to 
distinguish between wild trees apparently native and trees intro- 
duced into the locality directly or indirectly by persons, whether 
planted, escaped, adventive, or naturalized. 
SUMMARY 
“Minor Eastern Hardwoods” is the fourth volume of an Atlas 
showing the natural distribution or range of the native tree species of 
continental United States. This volume contains large maps of 166 
tree species native in eastern contiguous United States not in 
preceding volumes. The area covered is the 37 Eastern States from 
Maine west to North Dakota, south to Texas (except Trans-Pecos 
Texas), and east to Florida (excluding tropical trees of the southern 
part). However, 89 species of important eastern hardwoods are in 
Volume |, and about 30 species of western hardwoods that extend 
eastward into | or more of the 6 intermediate or Midwestern States 
from North Dakota to Texas are in Volume 3. The genus of 
hawthorns (Crataegus) has been left out because of taxonomic 
difficulties. 
The maps have been compiled from various sources, following the 
procedure reviewed in the first volume. These include publications. 
herbarium specimens, field work, and review by botanists, foresters, 
and others. Credit is due many persons for their valuable assistance. 
Maps of vegetation, forest types, and landforms have been very 
helpful in determining lines along borders of ranges. 
The species maps follow the general plan of Volumes | and 3. The 
scale of the base map of the United States is the same— 
1:10,000,000. The second base map, North America, is added for 42 
tree species whose natural range extends beyond the rectangle into 
Canada or Mexico. Natural geographic distribution of each species is 
shown as a brown-shaded pattern of fine dots on the black and white 
base map. Outlying stations are plotted by large or small dots. 
Order of maps is alphabetical by scientific name. Common and 
scientific names follow the Forest Service Check List (1953), except 
for several minor changes in nomenclature. 
