1944); Sorbus (Jones 1939); and Viburnum (McAtee 1956). Also, 
some studies of plant distribution contains maps, such as Me Vaugh 
(1952) and Little (197 1b). 
Herbarium specimens have been an important source in the 
preparation of the maps of minor eastern hardwoods. While traveling 
in every State, the compiler visited herbaria in nearly all. In 15 
States, locality records were copied from specimen labels. 
Some State herbaria maintain unpublished card files of maps 
showing by dots where herbarium specimens were collected, either 
by counties or localities. In these 14 States, species maps with 
locality records of specimens kindly were made ayailable or were 
compiled by the curators, as follows: Florida, Robert W. Long; 
Georgia, Wilbur H. Duncan; Kentucky, R. Cranfill and Willem 
Meijer; Louisiana, William D. Reese; Minnesota, Gerald B. Ownbey 
and ‘Thomas Morley; New York, Donald M. Lewis; North Dakota, 
Orin Alva Stevens; Pennsylvania, Edgar T. Wherry; South Dakota, 
Theodore Van Bruggen; Tennessee, Aaron J. Sharp; ‘Texas (incom- 
plete), Billie L. Turner; Vermont, Frank C. Seymour; West 
Virginia, Earl L. Core; and Wisconsin, Hugh H. Iltis and Theodore S. 
Cochrane. 
For New England comprising 6 States, the maps of many species 
prepared by the New England Botanical Club have been copied. 
Also, the maps for Maine have been reviewed by Fay Hyland. Maps 
of many species in Maryland were contributed by Grace S. Brush, 
Energy & Coastal Zone Administration, Maryland Department of 
Natural Resources. 
Similar records from publications, herbarium specimens, and maps 
have been obtained for distribution outside the United States. For 
eastern Canada, the compiler consulted herbaria in Ottawa. The 
manuscript “Flora of Canada,” by H. J. Scoggan, not yet published, 
was examined for valuable information on the distribution and 
northernmost records. ‘he compiler visited Herbario Nacional, 
Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, in 
Mexico City, to copy locality records of specimens in that country. 
Additional records were available in the Forest Service and Forest 
Service Herbarium. The unpublished maps compiled by George B. 
Sudworth have been reexamined for old records such as observations 
by foresters. Further information for many species was copied from 
specimens at the United States National Herbarium (US) of the 
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 
Maps of vegetation, forest types, topography, and landforms have 
been very helpful in determining lines along the borders of ranges. In 
mountainous States, sharp limits of forests and climatic zones of 
vegetation are based largely upon differences in altitude. Regret- 
tably, maps of the same region sometimes differ in their classifica- 
tions and type boundaries. Forest type maps in color have been 
issued by the Forest Survey of the Forest Service for nearly all 
forested parts of the country in many scattered publications, mostly 
on the forest resources of one State or a smaller unit. Detailed 
vegetation maps have been published for a number of States. 
In this Atlas volume, the main source of vegetation boundaries has 
been the map Vegetation by A.W. Kuchler, National Atlas Sheet 
No. 90 (U.S. Geological Survey 1970). This detailed, highly accurate 
map was reduced in size from a separately published one on the 
vegetation of conterminous United States with explanatory text 
(Kuchler 1964). The map Forest ‘lypes, National Atlas Sheet No. 
182, prepared by the Forest Service, has been useful and was 
reduced and adapted slightly for inclusion in the first volume as an 
overlay (overlay map 9, Major Forest Types). 
Reduced or small-scale maps naturally do not show local variations 
of vegetation and plant distribution in detail. For example, a few 
small, isolated mountains with outlaying stations for certain species 
4 
have been omitted both from vegetation maps and from this Atlas. 
Further local occurrences may be indicated by the State vegetation 
maps printed at larger scales. 
In some Eastern States, the compiled maps are limited in detail to 
presence by counties, which are mostly small and numerous. Also, 
lack of a county record may indicate no collection rather than 
absence. 
The compiler has had field experience in many parts of Eastern 
United States. Since 1942, he has been stationed in Washington, 
D.C., as the dendrologist. He collaborated with research foresters in 
preparation of publications on the woody plants of experimental 
forests located in Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia, and Mississippi, 
and in preparation of unpublished lists in other States. Earlier, he 
was a student, teacher, and research worker in Oklahoma and 
graduate student in Illinois and Michigan. Much information on 
landforms and yegetation has been obtained on field trips in various 
parts of the country and from airplane and car windows across the 
different States. 
These maps have been prepared through the years along with other 
work by the compiler and an assistant. Sources of most locality 
records were indicated on the working maps and could be traced if 
necessary. However, detailed recordkeeping and reproduction of 
hundreds of dots on most maps (such as those made by computers) 
would have added greatly to the time and cost of preparation 
without increasing the accuracy and would have delayed publication. 
For assistance in preparation of the maps, credit is due Barbara H. 
Honkala, research botanist, who also made the cover design,-and to 
Kathy M. Robinson. The final maps were drafted by Charles F. 
Tyson and Ziya K. Akalin, engineering draftpersons. 
EXPLANATION OF THE MAPS 
Species maps of Volume 4 follow the general plan of Volume 1, 
from which this explanation is adapted and slightly condensed. 
However, like Volumes 2 and 3, the page size has been reduced 
slightly to 944 by 11% inches. The obvious advantages include lower 
costs and prices, less weight, and greater convenience in handling and 
storing. As the scale of the base maps of the United States is 
unchanged, the maps can be compared readily. Also, the 9 
transparent overlays from Volume | can be adapted to Volumes 3 
and 4, which have no overlays. 
As in Volumes | and 3, there are base maps of the United States 
and North America, both without lettering. However, place names 
are given on 2 additional base maps inserted for reference. base map 
1 (in 2 parts, 1-NE and 1-SE) of Eastern United States has names of 
counties and adjacent Provinces of Canada and States of northern 
Mexico. Base map 2-N of North America shows names of States of 
the United States, Provinces and other subdivisions of Canada, States 
of Mexico, and names of additional countries. 
The base map of the United States is the same, scale 1: 10,000,000, 
Albers Conical Equal Area Projection—standard parallels 29Y" and 
45/2°. Lines show State and county boundaries and boundaries of 
adjacent Provinces of Canada and States of Mexico. Crosses at 
5-degree intervals mark latitude and longitude. Because of the 
reduced page size, however, this base has been trimmed into 2 
smaller horizontal ones, northeastern and southeastern. One inch 
equals approximately 158 miles, and | centimeter, 100 kilometers. 
The second base map, North America, is added for nearly all 
species whose natural range extends beyond the limits of the first. 
Thus, the entire distribution is included, with rare exceptions, such 
as species spreading into other continents. This one-page base map of 
