Commercial and scientific notes on essential oils. 73 



Sales 



Rosin 



Turpentine oil 



1915 . 



. . . 15153.998 tons 



4504.281 tons 



1916 . 



. . . 14273.563 „ 



5670.763 „ 



1917 . 



. . . 17269.470 „ 



4414.491 „ 



1918 . 



. . . 9321.734 „ 



4198.808 „ 



1919 . 



. . . 14257.651 „ 



4408.147 ,, 



ts of tun 



Dentine oil, rosin and tar 



were as follows 



in first 4 months 

 1919 1920 1921 



Terpentine oil . . 4591.216 tons 3081.873 tons 518.495 tons 



Tar 13041.131 „ 12181.345 „ 1039.588 ,, 



Rosin 809.243 „ 544.484 „ 36.159 „ 



Portugal produced 1 ): — 







Year 



Rosin 



Turpentine oil 



1916/17 . . 



. . 3000 tons 



950 tons 



1917/18 . . 



. . 4000 „ 



4200 (?) ;, 



1918/19 . . 



. . 6000 „ 



2000 



1919/20 . . 



. . 6300 „ 



1800 



1920/21 \ • 



. . 12400 ,; 



3600 



It is reported that there are no stocks of turpentine oil, whereas those of rosin 

 are estimated at about 10000 tons. Portugal's home consumption is 2000 tons each 

 of turpentine oil and rosin, annually. The pine forests of Portugal (773000 hectares) 

 cover about the same area as those of south-western France (200000 hectares in the 

 Gironde, 500000 hectares in the Landes and 50000 hectares in the Lot-et-Garonne). 



According to Th. M. Ainscough 2 ) the Indian production of rosin and oil of turpentine 

 becomes more and more important. It started on a small scale about 25 years ago 

 and, owing to the activity and the skill of the foresters, who were well*, acquainted 

 with the methods employed in the "Landes" of France (gemmage a vie and gemmage 

 a mortj n ) developed first in the United Provinces of India and later on in the Panjab 

 to its present state. In 1919 an area of 97525 acres of pine forest (in the main Pinus 

 longifolia. Roxb.) yielded 4615 tons of oleo-resin, from which 2400 tons of rosin and 

 more than 156000 gallons of turpentine oil were prepared 4 ). 



F. Henrich 5 ) reports on an investigation of pine balsams (Pinus silvestris. L.), carried 

 out conjointly with A. Pfotenhauer and under the assistance of'F. Pensel. Generally 

 speaking the samples, which came from the neighbourhood of Erlangen and had been 

 collected in different months of 1917 and 1918, had the same composition: — d^0.8560, 

 0.8573, [«] D20o + 16.1, +13.6°; acid v. 0.61, 0.40; ester v. 1.67, 1.58; sap. v. 1.73, 1.62 6 ). 

 The resinous residue of one balsam, collected in August from trees growing on fatter 

 soil, contained even less esters than that of the other balsams. About 22 to 25 per cent, 

 of the balsam were volatile with steam 7 ). The turpentine oil whose angle of rotation 

 did not exceed [«] +28.41°, consisted of a small quantity of /?-pinene (nopinic acid, 



!) Oil. Pahd awl Drug Reporter 100 (m\), No. 21, p. 32. — 2 ) Ihidem 101 (1922), No. 1, p. 32. — 3 ) Comp. 

 Gildemeister and Hoffmann, The Volatile Oils, 2 nd edition, vol. II, p. 69. — 4 ) Comp. also Berichte (German) 

 1920, 132; 1921, 48. — 8 ) Zeitschr. f. angew. Chem. 34 (1921), 363. — 8 ) There seems to be a printer's error, 

 for the sum of the acid and ester values must equal the saponification value. — ') Comp. Report 1916, 54. 



