4 SCIENTIFIC NOTES ON ESSENTIAL OILS. 35 
named species, which yield the largest percentage of oil (0,401 p.c.), contain five large 
oil ducts. The needles of P. heterophylla (yield 0,271 p.c.) have 10 small ducts, whereas 
in the needles of P. ponderosa, which show the smallest yield (0,112 p.c.), only 2 oil 
ducts are to be found. The illustrations contained in the original paper clearly 
demonstrate these differences. 
It was found useful to disintegrate the material to be distilled, the yield being 
increased thereby. Moreover, distillation proceeds more rapidly and more material 
can -be filled into the stills. It would be useless to distil the needles by themselves, 
as the oil obtained therefrom does not differ in the least from the oil produced by 
needles and twigs together. The still was an ordinary cylindrical copper boiler with 
double bottom. A charge, at ordinary temperature, amounted to 350 Ibs. Heated, 
however, i.e. when the water was already boiling and the twigs were surrounded by 
steam, when filled into the still, it was possible to pack 400 Ibs. into the apparatus. 
The first fractions of oil passed over after 2 to 3 hours, the speed of distillation was 
about 21/2 gallons an hour. After 7 to 8 hours distillation was completed. 
An oil distilled in the Florida National Forest in June 1912 from needles and 
twigs of Pinus heterophylla, Ell. (Cuban pine) showed the following figures: di50 0,8877 
, to 0.8894; dp»s0 — 32,09 to — 35,67°; npizo 1,4845 to 1,4869; acid v. 0,69; ester v. 10,16; 
ester v. after acetylation 46,26 to 53,81; yield 0,271 p.c. For the needle oil (yield 0,193 p.c.) 
the figures were: diso 0,8895; ¢p250 — 26,549; npis0o 1,4880; acid v. 0,78; ester v. 8,75; 
ester v. after acetylation 43,46. The oil contained furfurol (colour reaction with aniline 
hydrochloride), 3,9 p.c. of J-a-pinene (nitrolpiperidine, m. p. 117 to 118°), 10 p.c. 
l-camphene (conversion to. isoborneol and camphor), 35,4 p.c. /-@-pinene (nopinic acid, 
m.p. 125°), 8,3 p.c. dipentene (dihydrochloride, m.p. 49°; tetrabromide, m.p. 115 to 
117°; the oil may possibly have contained some limonene too), esterified and free 
l-borneol (14 p.c., m.p. 201 to 202°, regenerated from acid phthalate), caprylic (¢) and 
caprinic (?) acids (silver salts), and about 19 p.c. of cadinene. The cadinene hydro- 
chloride melted at 118° and rotated to the left, whereas the cadinene fraction (b. p. 270 
to 280°) showed @p -+ 14,76°. | 
From needles and twigs of Pinus palustris, Mill. (long leaf pine) Schorger distilled 
0,401 p.c. of an oil of the following properties: dis. 0,8829 to 0,8849; «p20 — 26,38 to 
— 30,49°; mpiso 1,4818 to 1,4824; acid v. 0,66; ester v. 6,75; ester v. after acetylation 
36,53 to 46,37. Component parts: furfurol (colour reaction with aniline hydrochloride); 
8,0 p.c. l-a4-pinene (nitrolpiperidine, m.p. 119°); about 14 p.c. of l-camphene (conversion 
to isoborneol, m. p. 207 to 210°); 44 p.c. of J-@-pinene (nopinic acid, m. p. 126 to 127°); 
5 p.c. dipentene (tetrabromide, m. p. 124°); 10 p.c. of /-borneol (acid phthalate, m. p. 201 
to 202°, conversion to camphor); 10,7 p.c. of cadinene (dihydrochloride, m. p. 117 to 118°). 
The oil from the needles of Pinus palustris (yield 0,417 p.c.) shewed: dis0 0,8841; 
&py — 32,509; Npiso 1,4834; acid v. 0,67; ester v. 5,91; ester v. after acetylation 40,46. It 
had the same composition as the oil obtained from leaves and twigs: 2 p.c. /-e-pinene; 
12 to 13 p.c. l-camphene; 50 p.c. /-S-pinene; 5 p.c. dipentene; 9,8 p.c. /-borneol and 
{1 p.c. of cadinene. 
For the oil from the cones of Pinus palustris Schorger established the following 
properties: dis0 0,8756; &px%0—9,22°; npisz0 1,4700; acid v. 0,42; ester v. 3,95; ester v. 
after acetylation 31,07. The composition was as follows: 39,6 p.c. of d-«-pinene (nitrol- 
piperidine, m. p. 118 to 119°); 12 p.c. l-camphene (isoborneol, m. p. 208 to 210°); 25 pic. 
l-8-pinene (nopinic acid, m.p. 125 to 126°); about 7 p.c. of dipentene (tetrabromide, 
m.p. 123 to 124°); 1,4 p.c. l-borneol. (m. p. 202 to 203°) and about 2 p.c. of cadinene 
(hydrochloride, m.p. 116 to 117°). 
3% 
