. shew and elemi ene one. from Chhaviin Colophania') occurring in Mauritius. 
; _In appearance and odour it shows a great similarity with the Manila elemi of commerce. 
It contains 16.6 per cent. of a straw-coloured volatile oil of lemon-like odour and 
_ showing the following properties: Glas 222 0.859; [«]p + 3°13 ; np 1.4725. 
Essential Oils, Sicilian and Calabrian. 
In an exhaustive article R. T. Will?) reports on the development and the present 
state of the Citrus by-product industry in California, by which is understood the 
utilization of lemons and oranges, unfit for export, in the manufacture of useful by- 
~ products, such as essential oils, marmelades, fruit juices, candied peel and citric 
acid. A capital of § 175000000.— has been invested in this industry. Annually 
_ 38000 carloads of oranges and 6000 cars of lemons and grape fruit representing a 
~ total of 1232000000 Ibs. of citrus fruit are grown and siped to eastern markets. | 
_ Only the best fruit is selected for these markets and the “cull” fruit*) is used in the 
E ‘manufacture of citrus by-products. According to Mc Dermott the amount of “culls” 
E: = nay reach 10 per cent. in unfavourable years in Florida. It is estimated that in — 
-California from 1 to 5 per cent. of the total shipments of fruit are available for the — 
. manufacture of citrus by-products, 7. e. about 12320000 to 61600000 Ibs. It is evident 
= that such an enormous quantity of discarded fruit must be made use of. The simplest 
_ plan would appear to. be the manufacture of marmelade; but this would cost as much, — 
or more, as the imported article, and moreover it has not, as will be shewn further 
[ohhh ee age CM EPRI Me Te eT ae Ae 
{ . 
where a rather extensive plant for the manufacture of oil of lemon, citrate of lime — 
lack of sufficient capital and for certain other reasons, the principal one of which 
appears to have been the indifferent quality of its lemon oil, which sold 50 cents 
cheaper than the imported article, also on account of the inferior quality of citric acid. 
closed down, the newspapers started a tremendous advertisement campaign for Los 
product to be made there was lemon juice preserved with all its original characteristics 
not only promoted the growth of the hair but it could also be used, with the proper 
mixture of other ingredients, as a furniture polish. 
Several car-loads of lemon juice were packed in bottles of various sizes and shipped 
_ to eastern points where it met with considerable success. Unfortunately after a few 
_ weeks on the shelves of the stores it spoiled and the company found itself saddied 
with thousands of bottles. This happened over ten years ago and up to this day the 
_ problem of preserving lemon juice is not completely solved. 
—_ 
4) Bull. Imp. Inst. 13 (1915), 374. According to the Index Kewensis Canarium mauritanicum, Blume is 
synonymous with Canarium Colophana, Baker. — 7) Journ. Ind. Eng. Chemistry 8 (1916), 78. — %) McDermott 
(see below) designates as ‘‘culls’”’ all fruit unsuitable for shipment either through extreme under- or over-size, 
_ stem-end rot, traumatic injuries to the peel: and blue molds. A few of these culls are disposed of in local . 
_ markets, others are consumed by cattle or are simply allowed to rot on the ground. 
oe 
es Oe a E ie Seed 
»)) oes: 3 ge 
2 on, the valuable properties of English marmelade so much appreciated by the public. — f 
Commercial manufacture of citrus by-products was started in National City in 1899 
and citric acid was erected. After operating but a short time, it had to be closed for 
and considerable losses in the process of manufacture. Shortly after this plant had~ ae 
Angeles as the coming seat of an enormous industry, the citrus. by-product. The 
for household and numerous other uses. It was surprising to learn that lemon juice <=, 
