© AND OTHER NOTES ON | ESSENTIAL OILS. Ne ee 
s : 
abt Sade Paitaecther 25 per cent. of constituents volatilizable with steam had been 
removed from the gum. From the first fraction, after repeated distillation, a part was 
obtained boiling at 153.5 to 154,59: dS 0.8591; [@]p00-+ 20°. In fraction I as well as 
in If e-pinene was proved by the preparation of the nitrosochloride. Presumably the 
4 oil contained esters and perhaps also dipentene and sylvestrene, 
: After an exhaustive historical introduction H. Schelenz'), in an article on turpentine 
oil and resin production in Poland brings a description of resin production in the 
3 principality of Lowicz, as it had been communicated to him by the pharmacy manager 
: of the town hospital in Lodz. Since 1908 the Russian engineer L. Wolkow carries on, 
in the forests of the above-mentioned principality, the production of resin after the 
French process in a forest area covering obout 51/2 hectares. In the first half of May ~ 
the best spots for cutting are selected in the trees, the spot being called “Brouss”’ 
and being situated not far above the main root, the bark being as thin as possible, 
and the situation to the East or the North. By means of an axe the bark is removed 
to the extent of about 30 to 80 cm. under the “brouss”, below which the trunk is 
___ prepared to receive the collecting vessel. Next a hole is cut into the wood, about 
0.25 em. (2) in which a bent tin plate is fitted so as to permit of an easy flow of the 
exudations. After ten to fifteen days a thin piece is loosened by means of a special 
hatchet above the hole, a narrow strip is drawn down and diagonal incisions are made 
in an upward direction which secrete the soft resin and allow it to flow over the zinc — 
plate into the collecting vessel. After about a month, by which time this operation 
has been repeated about nine times, the collecting vessel is emptied into cases or 
barrels for export. In 1908 Wolkow obtained by intense work on 428 trees nearly 
79 poods (about 1300 ko.), and altogether from 3745 under the most unfavourable 
_ weather conditions, 260 poods (about 4200 ko.), besides Barras (Galipot). 
The resin contained 17 to 19 per cent. of volatile oil and 70 to 75 per cent. of 
colophony. 
Of late Se aeiities were also established in Konsk (Government of Radom) 
and Skiernevice which were worked successfully although the forests had suffered — 
severely from the depredations of insect pests. The oil is said to be equal to the 
American product, which, however, seems hardly probable. B.p. 158 to 160°; d 0.8635 
~ (crude oil); d 0.8265 (rectified oil). The chief constituents were «- and #-pinene. 
— In Konsk oil and colophony of first-class quality are said to be produced.* This is 
also said to be due to the fact that the trees are irritated every three to four days 
whereby a more liquid exudation is attained, and also owing to the factory, which 
works without interruption, being situated in closest proximity to the forest under 
exploitation. 
+A sample of Polish pine tar oil submitted to the author had the following pro- 
perties: dis0 0.8830; «+179; acid v. 1.5; ester v. 9.3; soluble in about 4 vol. and 
more of 90 per cent. alcohol. The oil contained a considerable percentage of high- 
; boiling constituents. a 
es Turpentine production has also been described by A. Moye”). He deals with the 
common resin in comparison with the finer kinds having more valuable properties, 
such as shellac, copal, mastix, and damar. Turpentine as it flows from the tree as a 
highly viscid liquid is a solution of the resin in turpentine oil. With the exception 
of the larch-fir all resiniferous conifers produce turpentine just below the bark and 
_ +) Zettschr. f. angew. Chem. 29 (1916), 1. 251. — *) Ztg. d. 10. Armee (Wilna); Seifensieder Ztg: 43 
(1916), 390. — Seifenfabrikant 36 (1916), 478. 
