of eee oil ahd. 95067737 Ibs. of colophony. The Orit pat Buyers § were Geqneun 
G eat Britain, Switzerland, Australia and the United States, although this latter country 
produces twenty times as much turpentine than Spain. 
The pecalicd wood turpentine oil, which is obtained from waste wood anid fir 
stumps?) by a variety of processes is as a rule looked at askance and is frequently — 
considered to be about on a par with pine tar oil. As a matter of common fact wood | 
turpentine oils of indifferent quality are met with in commerce occasionally, but according 
postion as well as in properties. A great mistake is made in bringing wood turpentine 
oil into the market without any classification whatsoever’), the result being that pro- 
"ducts of every kind and description, good as well as bad, are sold under the same 
designation. E 
3 Adams examined turpentine oils obtained from the wood oF the pines occuneme 
leaf nut pine)*). The oil was distilled from the wood by means of a retort encased 
' in hot oil, after the process of Adams and Hilton>). The distillate was obtained in 
_ three fractions, viz., 1: b. p. up to 160°, II: b. p. 160 to 220° and III: b. p. above 220°. 
_ Only the first fraction was examined. Fraction II contained a considerable amount of 
_decomposition-products which were eliminated by treatment with sulphuric acid, with 
potash lye and by subsequent distillation by steam. As such a treatment might easily 
affect the chemical composition of the oil, fraction II and III were not examined. 
_ After rectification by steam-distillation the wood-turpentine oil of Pinus monophylla 
had the following constants: diso 0.9702 (20.8702 2), apo + 21.152, nyo 1.4771. It was 
- colourless and had a characteristic, aromatic odour. In a fraction of the b. p. 50 to 60% 
(15 mm) (diso 0.8691; p20 + 29,769; npis0 1.4693), amounting to 77.9 per cent. of the oil, 
_«-pinene was found; b. p. 155 to 156°; nitrosochloride, m. p. 103°: nitrolpiperidide, 
small amount of a salt apparently identical with sodium nopinate was obtained, but 
‘it was not sufficient for recrystallization. From the fraction b. p. 80 to 135° (15 mm.) 
(dy50 0.8982; npiso 1.4856), 9.2 per cent. of the oil, cadinene hydrochloride was produced 
ood-turpentine oil from Pinus monophylla shows great similarity in properties and 
composition with the oil distilled from the turpentine of the same tree®). 
In the examination of wood turpentine oil from Pinus Jeffreyi special importance 
is difficult to distinguish from P. Jeffreyi; many authors consider the latter a variety 
of the former and it is said that transition forms are known to exist. Seeing that 
the oils from these two kinds of pines differ considerably in their chemical composition, 
the examination of the oil from a transition form would be highly desirable. 90 to 
*) See Gildemeister and Hoffmann, The Volatile Oils, 24 ed., vol. Il, p. 95. — *) Journ. Ind. Eng. 
a Chemistry 7 (1915), 957. — %) See French and Withrow, Journ. Ind. Eng. Chemistry 6 (1914), 148; Report 
Sc rn. Ind. Eng. Chemistry 5 (1913), 971; Report April 1914, 96. — 5) Journ. Ind. Eng. Chemistry 6 (1914), 
3/8; Report April 1915, 47. — *) Schorger, loc. cit. 
to M. Adams’) qualities can be produced which resemble genuine turpentine oil in com-_ é 
in the Western parts of the United States. These are Pinus ponderosa, Laws. (Western a 
yellow pine), Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray (Jeffrey pine), and Pinus monophylla, Torr. (Single 
m. p. 118°. tl was impossible to prove the presence of #-pinene with certainty. A. 
by the introduction of hydrochloric acid gas, from which the author concludes that — 
-cadinene is present in the original oil. From the above particulars it is evident that 
was attached to the botanical determination of the wood, seeing that Pinus monophylla — 
April 1914, 96. — *) On the turpentine oil from the gum of the two last named species, see A. W. Schorger, 
r 
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