94 CARL SKOTTSBERG, A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. 



In a paper by M. Vahl (37) I have noted, that tliis author classes Deschampsia 

 flexuosa among Ch, a plant designated by Raunkij^r in his »Dansk Exkursionsflora» 

 as H. But if this grass be coimted among Ch, then I fear that most of Falkland 

 H belong to the same type. Althoiigh this is perhaps better from a purely biological 

 point of view, still it does not agree with Raunki.^r's opinion, for everybody under- 

 stands that the »Chamaephytic» H must make up most of the 50 % H in his tables; 

 besides, he has kindly placed his original notes in my hands, which show that he 

 classes such species as Ra7iuncnlus maclovianus, Apiuni australe, Senecio candicans, 

 Hierochloé etc. among H. 



Geophytes are very few: the four Orchids and, besides, perhaps Marsifposper- 

 mum. It the latter, the shoots, which are provided with a number of scale-like, 

 short leaves at tlieir base, often reach the surface of the soil before winter sets in 

 and possibly also continue to grow during that season. The Helo- and Hj^drophytes 

 do not offer any remarkable features. As Therophytes I have classed Arabis 

 madoviana, Calandrinia Feltonii, Chenopodimn macrospermum, Euphrasia antarctica, 

 Gentiana magellanica, Limosella{'i), and Spergularia media. Of these, Arabis at least 

 is not truly annual but germinates in the autumn. Raunkt^r {30) classes the true 

 biennial plants among H, but when discussing the position of those annuals that 

 endure one winter (p. 423) he remarks that for them the winter does not appear 

 to be the unfavourable season, but rather the dry summer. As this reason cannot 

 be valid in the Falklands, it could perhaps have been better to class Arabis among 

 H, but as I do not know how some of the other species behave, I have preferred 

 to keep them all as Th. Here I ought to mention Senecio Utoralis. It is hapaxanthic. 

 In the spring (November) one finds it in full bloom, and the simple stem is lignified 

 in its lower half. Thus it is evident that the seeds cannot have germinated in 

 the autumn, but most likely in the spring of the preceding year. One specimen was 

 found that showed a somewhat different development, for it had flowered the year 

 before, and bore a panicle of flower-heads for the second time. Probably it had flowered 

 already the first year and for this reason did not die off, as would have been 

 expected, but wintered as if nothing had happened. 



Above, p. 86, I have pointed to the fact that the Fseröes have the same kind of 

 climate as the Falklands. According to Raunkt^r the latter possess a Chamaephyte, 

 the former a Hemicryptophyte + Chamaephyte climate, for Ch onlj?^ make out 10,5 % 

 (Livsformernes Statistik, Bot. Tidskr. 29, 1908). I guess that a considerable number 

 of H in the Fseröes act like H in the Falklands, to judge from the mild winter in 

 both cases. 



