24 MISC. PUBLICATION 318, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
expanse of about 114 inches. The tips of the forewings are black. 
The female ee has two black spots and the male, one black 
spot on each forewing. The hind wing of each 
sex has a single black spot on the outer front 
margin. The eggs are very small and easily 
overlooked. The larva is a velvety-green cater- 
pillar found on cabbage and related plants. 
When the larva finishes feeding it forms a pupa, 
Ey ~ or chrysalis, on the leaves where the caterpillars 
FIGURE 06g bbage but- have fed. Cabbage butterflies have three or more 
generations each year, depending on the locality. 
They overwinter in the pupal stage. The caterpillars cause consid- 
erable damage to cultivated cabbage and related crops, and derris 
and cube powders are used to control these pests. The technical name 
of the cabbage butterfly is Pieris rapae. 
Swallowtail butterflies.—Butterflies of another group, and of 
much larger size than the cabbage butterflies, have long tails on the 
tips of the hind wings and are therefore called swallowtail butter- 
flies. The different kinds of these butterflies feed on various plants. 
The large black butterfly pictured here is the one whose larva feeds 
on celery and related plants. It has a wingspread of about 3 inches. 
The spots along the margins of the wings are yellow instead of white 
as indicated in the picture. Like all other butterflies, this one has 
four wings. In the adult stage it has sucking 
mouth parts, but the caterpillars have chew- 
ing mouth parts and sometimes cause damage 
to cultivated celery, parsley, and related crops. 
Hand picking these caterpillars would give 
control, although under some conditions 
poison application may be necessary. There | 
are two or three generations each year, and Ficurs 57.—Swallowtail but- 
the winter is passed in the pupal stage. Most ae 
of the swallowtail butterflies carry the name “Papilio,” and this one 
is called Papilio polyxenes. 
Monarch butterfly.—Throughout much of the summer one sees 
large reddish-brown butterflies. Their wings have black veins and 
bor ‘ders, and in the borders are many small ‘white spots. The wing- 
spread is from about 314 to 4 
inches. The butterflies have 
sucking mouth parts and sap the 
juices from flowers. The larvae 
feed on the leaves. Until fairly 
recent years it was not known 
that these butterflies moved 
north in the summer and south 
in the winter, but now large 
droves have been located moving 
southward in much the same 
fashion as do wild birds. They 
remain throughout the winter in 
the hedges or other sheltered 
places in the South. They have complete life changes. Butterflies 
are of questionable importance, but if the larvae should build up 
FIGURE 58.—Monarch butterfly. 
