oe IC eteeh ue pee 103 
aves at the ocak followed ne the siiherne of the heart-leaves and their slow 
jJecay. The chrysalises of this fly are found in the soil near such plants. The greatest 
: rm is done to caraway plants by the vivacious small caterpillars of the caraway moth, 
ej ssaria nervosa, Haw., and Blunt’s flat-body, D. depressella, Hb., which eat the flowers, 
1us Reece fructification. The flowerets and young fruits are pulled together with 
a e web. Other umbelliferz are likewise attacked, such as the carrot. The caterpillars 
ie former pupate inside the stalks, so that they can be destroyed by removing and 
Bin ing the stdlks attacked. Otherwise, it is to be recommended to thrash the plants 
Q uickly and burn the straw. The caterpillars of Depressaria depressella, however, form 
2 1eir chrysalises in the soil. 
; 4 2 Sometimes it is to be observed that the flowerets are transformed into small whitish 
en leaves, which is due to a mite of the Friophes') family. Galls at the ends of the 
a hief pedicels are inhabited by the red larve of the gall-gnat Lasioptera carophila, F. Lw. 
e small fruits can likewise be transformed into vesicular galls by the larvee of the 
I-gnat Schizomya— Pimpinelle. 
The caraway roots are attacked by the larve of Bidio hortulanus, L. This pest can 
e kept within bounds by rolling the ground in April. 
Furthermore, Heterodera radicicola, Greeff, invisible to the naked eye, may inhabit the 
roots and cause small swellings. 
4 Whereas the insect pests which attack caraway are equally common with fennel, 
“one scarcely ever finds its leaves and stalks attacked by fungi, in any case not by those 
curing on caraway. Only in France, a kind of rust, Aecidiwm Foeniculi, Cast., has been 
ot served. It forms on the fennel leaves and stalks, sometimes even on the fruits, yellowish 
laces with swellings containing a yellow powder. As to parasites of a higher order, 
the ill-famed lesser dodder, Cuscuta Epithymum, is occasionally encountered on fennel 
plants. Its yellowish or reddish, thin, leafless stems with their clusters of tiny flowers 
weep round the fennel stalks and, using up all the nourishment for themselves, eventually 
‘kill the whole plant. The best preventive is to use seeds which have been carefully freed 
from dodder seeds. In order to destroy the parasite once it is there, the places infected 
ought to be mown and covered with chaff or such like material, about 10 cm. high. 
This must then be stamped firmly down. Another method consists in putting on a layer 
b: 
th horoughly with a 15 per cent. ferrous sulphate solution. 
“Leaf-lice and thrips suck on the leaves and young shoots of fennel plants. The former, 
Ap ps Ceniste, Scop., and A. Capree, Fb., secrete a colourless, sticky, sweet liquid, which 
Talls on the lower parts of the plants and forms the so-called honey-dew. There are winged 
B wincless forms of either. In order to avoid considerable damage, the leaf-lice colonies 
mus St be destroyed with so-called “Nessler’s tincture” (a solution of soft soap in water with 
fi se oil and carbolic acid), quassia extract or an emulsion of petroleum and tobacco dust. 
ae _ The thrips (Thrips physopus, L.) can be killed in a similar way. 
Fennel may suffer from. caterpillars too, such as those of the swallow-tail butterfly, 
€ dot (Mamestra persicarie, L.) and Boarmia selenaria, Hb. The caterpillar of the 
t may become dangerous, if occurring in masses, the best remedy being to gather 
em. The caraway moth sometimes destroys the fennel flowers, and the larve of 
a *) Eryphyes? 5S 
> 
ot PO Wed _ ire a” ¢ ae x ;—F 
+ eT ae - tis Maal Sore y rie. He A) BOE bans 4 
Pt) Shares (a ‘ 
: of chaff, 20 to 30 cm. high, moistening with petroleum and burning it. A further remedy | 
i - cut the infected plants with a sickle and to burn them, and then to spray the places — 
ore 
r 4 
