COMMERCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC NOTES ON ESSENTIAL OILS. 57 
d A Japanese turpentine obtained from Pinus Thunbergit, Parl.'), a silver- or spruce-fir 
species known in Japan as “Kuromatsu” or “Omatsw’’, contained, according to Y. Shino- 
saki*), -22,92 per cent. essential oil, 73.36 per cent. colophony, 3.61 per cent. water, and 
0.21 per cent. impurities. The essential oil had the following properties: — d’;2 0.8740, 
@y —19.17°, npw»o 1.4738, acid value 0.53. It was soluble in 8 vols. 90 per cent. alcohol 
and in 28 vols. 80 per cent. alcohol. About 80 per cent. of the oil distilled over between 
154 and 169°, and about 4 per cent. between 169 and 252°. The fraction boiling above 
252° (15 per cent.) had the constants: —d 0.9244, ap) + 36.259, npwo 1.4993. On distilling 
m vacuo 3 chief fractions were obtained. The 1% fraction (73 per cent.) consisted of 
_ d-e-pinene together with a small amount of inactive pinene. The 2"4 fraction contained 
camphene and the third a fluid tricyclic sesquiterpene with the constants: —b. p. 105 
to 106° (2 mm.), djs0 0.9370, @) + 43.59, npw»0 1.5055: The reduction of the sesqui- 
terpene gave a dihydrosesquiterpene with following characteristics: —b.p. 98 to 99° 
(2.3 mm.), d,;0 0.9294, Npao 1.4959, molecular refractivity 64.34 con for CisHlos 
mol. refr. 64. 24). 
& 
E. Miinch?) has published a work on the scientific principles of pine rosin 
produce, in which he discusses the methods of investigation, build and arrangement 
of the resin ducts, the formation of balsam and all questions touching upon this 
process, also the extent of the rosin yield and its dependance on vegetation conditions. 
_ The following important conclusions of this treatise may be mentioned: — 
The resin ducts are generally filled to such an extent that the secreting cells 
appear compressed to a narrow lining of the resinous ducts. When wounded, the 
lining cells swell by absorption of water till the duct is completely filled. The size 
of the resin ducts increases in proceeding from the interior to the exterior of the 
trunk. At all points of crossing there is an open junction of the longitudinal. and 
lateral ducts, so that the balsam movement is possible over wide tracts in the tree. 
‘When wounded the resin ducts increase in the new year’s ring many times. The 
_ number of longitudinal ducts depends on the width of the year’s ring. A connection 
between the number of resin ducts and the capability of yielding resin by single 
trunks. was not to be demonstrated. A cubic meter of pine wood with a one-mm.- 
_ thickness of year’s ring including the lateral ducts has about 4 litres of balsam. 
The maximum possible yield of an incision.is only obtained after waiting from 8 
to 14 days, and longer. Shallow incisions yielded in the spring and with short inter- 
vals more resin than cuts of 1 cm. depth. On the other hand, in late summer and in 
spring deeper cuts with longer pauses yielded a greater supply. To make 2 cuts. 
_ simultaneously one above the other on the same trunk serves no useful. purpose, 
and in the long run does not raise the resin yield of the trunk*). The resin yield 
_ increases with the breadth of the face. _ 
‘ After the first incision if deep, a great decrease appears in the yield of resin, 
_which, however, does not appear if a 3 or 4 weeks’ pause intervenes after the first 
_ incision. Whether the grooves are arranged above each -other or below each other 
or whether the cuts are continued downwards without interruption has no influence 
on the resin yield. The German process is recommended as the best. Standing room, 
_ crown and root development influence the yield of resin. 1000 to 1250 kg. resin per 
a 1) Cf. Report April 1913, 104. — 7) Journ. chem. Ind. Tokyo 21 (1918), 763; 22 (1919), 451. As per 
_ Journ. Soc. chem. Ind. 38 (1919), A 21; A877. — *) Arb. aus der Biolog. Reichsanstalt f. Land- u: Forstwirtsch. 
4, Berlin-Dahlem 10 (1919), 1. As per Angew. SE 2 (1920), 76. — *) Cf. also the announcement by Schorger 
on turpentine winning p. 56 of this Report. ‘ 
