COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 271 



1. S. vulgIris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Low, corymbosely branched ; 

 leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping ; rays none. — Waste grounds. July - 

 Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 



2. S. lobatus, Pers. (Bctter-weed.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat 

 fleshy, mostly lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, vari- 

 able ; heads small in a naked corymb; rays about 12, conspicuous. — Low banks 

 of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. April- July. 



3. S. pallistris, Hook. Biennial, loosely woolly when young ; stem stout, 

 6' -3° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed or lucmiate, the upper 

 with a heart-shaped clasping base ; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow ; pappus 

 copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, N. W. Wisconsin (T.J. Hale) 

 and northward. June. (Eu.) 



* * Root perennial : heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb. 



4. S. aureus, L. (Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.) Smooth, or 

 Jloccose- woolly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger 

 ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves 

 lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb 

 umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. I. 

 obovatus, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). — 

 Var. 2. Balsamit^, with root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes 

 cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. lanceolatus, 

 Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and unequally toothed, 

 either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely 

 pinnatifid-cut towards the base. ( Cedar swamps, Vermont, Robbins. ) — Common 

 everywhere : the primary form in swamps. May, June. 



5. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often 

 nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, obocate or roundish, 

 narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly- 

 rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward 

 along the mountains. May. 



6. S. tomentbsus, Michx. (Woolly Ragwort.) Clothed ivith scarcely 

 deciduous hoary wool (i°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate toothed, on 

 slender petioles ; the upper sessile ; corymb flat-topped ; rays 12-15. — Moun- 

 tains of Pennsylvania (Pursh), Maryland, and southward. May. — S. canus 

 Hook., which too closely resembles smaller forms of this, probably occurs within 

 the northern borders of Wisconsin. 



* * * Root perennial : heads large and mostly solitary. 

 7 S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white woolly, sometimes becom- 

 ing glabrous ; stem stout, 6'- 12' high, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong, repand, 

 tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1-4, over an inch in diameter ; 

 rays 20 or more, large. — Grand Manan Island off Maine (Prof. Verrill) and 

 northward. 



64. ARNICA, L. Arnica. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped 

 involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. 



