Seeds, including acorns and nuts—Continued 
midges and chalecids— 
acorn pip galls, 600 
birch seed midge. 510 
catalpa midge, 511 
chokecherry midge, 515 
cypress seed midge, 520 
Megastigmus spp.. 619-620 
Serviceberry (juneberry or shadbush)— ~ 
borers, bark and phloem— 
beetle— 
Agrilus vittaticollis, 192 
midge— 
Agromyza amelanchierisz, 524 
borer, root— 
Hammoderus tesselatus, 233, 248 
borers, wood— 
Hammoderus tesselatus, 233, 248 
roundheaded apple tree borer, 233, 264 
flower feeder— 
Serica sericea, 174 
leaf feeders— 
Phyllophaga drakei, 171 
gracilis, 178 
sucking insects— 
aphids— 
gall aphids, 109 
woolly elm aphid, 130 
scale— 
willow scurfy scale, 151 
Smilaz— 
Neoprociphilus attenuatus, 133 
Snowberry— 
snowberry clearwing, 376 
Spicebush. See Benzoin. 
Spiraea spp.— 
Evora hemidesma, 470 
Hemileuca lucina, 380 
Spruce— 
bark feeder— 
white-pine weevil, 282-284 
borers, bark and phloem— 
cedar bark beetles, 320-321 
Dryocoetes americanus, 336 
piceae, 336 
eastern spruce beetle, 4, 7, 16, 19, 318-319 
four-eyed spruce bark beetle, 313 
Ips pini, 335 
Hylurgops pinifer, 324 
Orthotomicus caelatus, 335-336 
Pityophthorus spp., 331-332 
red turpentine beetle, 319-320 
southern pine beetle, 4, 5, 12, 13, 16, 19, 48, 50, 
58, 218, 315-318 
spruce scolytus, 313 
borers, cone and seed— 
Dioryctria abietella, 451 
Laspeyresia youngana, 473 
spruce coneworm, 451 
borer, root— 
Thylacites incanus, 290 
borers, twig and shoot— 
beetles— 
Cryphalus spp., 329 
Pityogenes hopkinsi, 330 
Pityophthorus spp.. 331-332 
white-pine weevil, 282-284 
moths— 
Dioryctria abietella, 451 
spruce coneworm, 451 
borers, wood— 
beetles— 
Asemum spp., 234, 237 
black-horned juniper borer, 234, 240 
black-horned pine borer, 234, 240 
Chrysobothris pusiulus, 195 
Criocephalus spp., 234, 237 
Ernobdius alutaceus, 225 
mollis, 225 
flatheaded fir borer, 196 
Gnathotrichus materiarius, 340 
hemlock borer, 195 
Melanophila acuminata, 196 
Monochamus spp., 252-253 
old house borer, 248-250 
pine bark borers, 234, 236 
Pissodes rotundatus, 285 
Trypodendron bivittatum, 339 
Upis ceramboides, 218 
26 
Spruce— Continued 
borers, wood— Continued 
horntails— 
blue horntail, 589 
Sirez juvencus cyaneus, 589 
white-horned horntail, 589 
yellow-horned horntail, 589 
moths— 
Dioryctria abietella, 451 
pitch mass borer, 464 
gall insects— 
Cooley spruce gall, 135 
eastern spruce gall aphid, 134-135 
Pineus floccus, 138 
similis, 138 
leaf feeders— 
moths— 
black-headed budworm, 484 
Epinotia nanana, 250, 471 
Epizeuzis aemula, 395, 396 
Feralia jocosa, 394 
gypsy moth, 408412 
hemlock looper, 434 
Melanolophia canadaria, 429 
Nepytia canosaria, 434 
Olene plagiata, 408 
Recurvaria piceaella, 350, 457 
Semiothisa granitata, 429 
spruce budworm, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 19, 59, 480-482 
Taniva albolineana, 350, 475 
Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana, 471 
sawflies— 
balsam-fir sawfly, 551 
European spruce sawily, 4, 57, 559-562 
green-headed spruce sawfly, 575 
Neodiprion sp., near abietis, 551 
yellow-headed spruce sawfly, 575 
mound-building ant— 
Allegheny mound ant, 626 
sucking insects— 
ephids— 
balsam twig aphid, 133 
Cooley spruce gall aphid, 135 
eastern spruce gall aphid, 134-135 
gall aphids, 109, 133-135 
Pineus fioccus, 138 
similis, 138 
woolly larch aphid, 137 
scales— 
hemlock scale, 148 
pine needle scale, 149-151 
spruce bud scale, 108, 147 
Spruce, black— 
borer, bark and phloem— 
eastern spruce beetle, 4, 7, 16, 19, 318-319 
borer, twig and shoot— 
white-pine weevil, 282-284 
leaf feeders— 
moth— 
spruce budworm, 480-482 
sawflies— 
European spruce sawfly, 559-562 
yellow-headed spruce sawfly, 575 
sucking insects— 
Cinara abietis, 127 
gall aphids, 109 
Dine leaf aphid, 138 
woolly larch aphid, 137 
Spruce, blue (Colorado spruce)— 
borer, bark and phloem— 
Magdalis piceae, 288 
borer, twig and shoot— 
white-pine weevil, 282-284 
leaf feeders— 
moths— 
Epinotia nanana, 471 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
Recurvaria piceaella, 457 
Taniva albolineana, 475 
sawfly— 
yellow-headed spruce sawfly, 575 
root feeder— 
strawberry root weevil, 291 
sucking insects— 
gall aphids, 109 
Cooley spruce gall aphid, 135-137 
Spruce, Engelmann— 
borer, bark and phloem— 
spruce scolytus, 313 
a ia 
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