Elm, American—Continued 
leaf feeders— Continued 
butterflies and moths— Continued 
comma butterfly, 369 
elm casebearer, 490 
elm spanworm, 434 
fruit tree leaf roller, 478 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
Heterocampa bilineata, 404 
manteo, 404 
hop merchant, 369 
lime tree winter moth, 432 
linden looper, 432 
Lycia ursaria, 432 
mourning-cloak butterfly, 369 
Nerice bidentata, 401 
Olene cinnamomea, 408 
polyphemus moth, 378, 379 
puss caterpillar, 443 
question-sign, 369 
red-humped caterpillar, 404 
red-humped oak worm, 401-403 
snow-white linden moth, 434 
spiny elm caterpillar, 370 
Symmerista albifrons, 403 
Tolype velleda, 419 
white-marked tussock moth, 406 
yellow-necked caterpillar, 398 
fly— 
two-winged elm leaf miner, 521 
saw flies— 
Arge spp., 549 
elm leaf miner, 568 
elm sawfly, 562-564 
giant American sawfly, 562-564 
Macraryela ferruginea, 583 
mites— 
European red mite, 66 
sucking insects— 
aphids— 
elm cockscomb gall aphid, 130-131 
gall aphids, 109 
Longistigma caryae, 127 
Myzocallis ulmifolii, 111, 129 
Tetraneura graminis, 131 
ulmisaccula, 131 
woolly apple aphid, 129 
wooly elm aphid, 129, 130 
woolly elm bark aphid, 130 
lacebugs— 
alder lacebug, 117 
elm lacebug, 116 
leafhoppers— 
Alebra spp., 120 
Empoasca spp., 120 
Erythroneura spp., 120 
Neolygus invitus, 118 
Typhlocyba spp., 120 
scales— 
brown elm scale, 145-146 
elm scurfy scale, 149 
European elm scale, 107, 142 
European fruit lecanium, 145-146 
gloomy scale, 149 
obscure scale, 149 
oystershell scale, 151 
San Jose scale, 148 
scurfy scale, 149 
Elm, Chinese— 
apple twig borer, 223, 226 
Elm, English— 
leaf feeders— 
moth— 
elm casebearer, 490 
awfly— 
elm leaf miner, 568 
sucking insects— 
aphid— 
Myzocallis ulmifolii, 129 
scale— 
European elm scale, 142 
Elm, slippery— 
sucking insects— 
elm cockscomb gall aphid, 130-131 
gall aphids, 109 
Myzocallis ulmifolii, 111, 129 
red elm gall aphid, 131 
Tetraneura graminis, 131 
woolly apple aphid, 129-130 
woolly elm bark aphid, 130 
10 
Eucalyptus— 
carpenter bee, 635 
Xylocopa brasilianorum, 635 
Euonymus— 
euonymus scale, 107, 149 
Evergreen trees— 
Oligonychus americanus, 66 
Tetranychus telarius, 66 
False eypress. See Cedar, southern white. 
Fig tree— 
borer, fruit— 
Agaonidae, 619 
borers, wood— 
fig-tree borer, 262 
Ptychodes spp., 233 
Fir, Alpine— 
leaf feeder— 
spruce budworm 480-482 
sucking insect— 
Cinara curvipes, 127 
Fir, balsam— 
borers, bark and phloem— 
balsam fir beetle, 336 
Cryphalus spp. 329 
balsameus, 329 
Pissodes dubius, 285 
similis, 285 
Pityophthorus augustus, 332 
balsameus, 332 
cariniceps, 332 
consimilis, 333 
nudus, 333 
opaculus, 331 
patchi, 332 
puberulus, 331 = 
pulchellus, 332 
spruce scolytus, 313 
borers, wood— 
Acanthocinus spp., 234, 236 
ants, black carpenter, 622-625 
balsam fir sawyer, 252-253 
flatheaded fir borer, 196 
Gnathotrichus materiarius, 340 
horntail— 
blue horntail, 589 
Melanophila acuminata, 196 
Monochamus spp., 252-253 
Tetropium spp., 233 
Trypodendron bivittatum, 339 
gall insect— 
balsam gall midge, 509-510 
leaf feeders— 
moths— 
black-headed budworm, 484 
chain-spotted geometer, 436 
hemlock looper, 434 
Marmara spp., 492 
Nepytia canosaria, 434 
Olene plagiata, 408 | 
Semiothisa granitata, 429 
spruce budworm, 5, 6, 7, 19, 480-482 
sawfly— 
balsam-fir sawfly, 551 
sucking insects— 
aphids— 
balsam twig aphid, 110, 133 
balsam woolly aphid, 12, 57, 109, 137 
Cinara curvipes, 110, 127 i 
fir bark louse, 109, 137 
gall aphids, 109 
Fir, Frazer— 
borer, bark and phloem— 
Cryphalus frazeri, 329 
gall insect— 
balsam gall midge, 509-510 
Fir, white— 
seed chalcids, 619-620 
Firethorn— 
San Jose scale, 148 
Fringe tree— 
borers, fruit— 
cherry fruit fly, 524 
cherry maggot, 524 
leaf feeder— 
Sphinz kalmiae, 374 
Fruit trees— 
borers, bark and phloem— 
peach bark beetle, 315 
shot-hole borer, 310 
borer, root— 
broad-necked root borer, 262 
