Birch—Continued 
gall insects— 
Apion spp., 281 
gall aphids, 133-134 
leaf feeders— 
beetles— 
Altica betulae, 277 
Cryptocephalus basalis, 278 
mutabilis, 278 
Orsodacne atra, 278 
Pachybrachis peccans, 278 
Phyllophaga nitida, 176 
Syneta ferruginea, 273, 278 
willow fiea weevil, 292 
butterflies and moths— 
Acrobasis betulella, 451 
Acronicta distans, 392 
impressa, 392 
leporina vulpina, 391 
apple and thorn skeletonizer, 485 
birch casebearer, 491 
birch skeletonizer, 495 
cecropia moth, 377-378 
Ceratomia amyntor, 372 
Charadra deridens, 395 
Ectropis crepuscularia, 430 
forest tent caterpillar, 418 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
Heterocampa bilineata, 404 
biundata, 404 
manteo, 404 
io moth, 378, 380 
linden looper, 432 
luna moth, 378, 379 
maple leaf cutter, 502 
Nadata gibbosa, 400 
Nymphalis j-album, 369 
Olene atomaria, 408 
basiflava, 408 
vagans, 408 
Orthosia hibisci, 394 
Paonias excaecatus, 375 
polyphemus moth, 378, 379 
Smerinthus jamaicensis, 375 
spear-marked black moth, 428 
spotted tussock moth, 386 
tiger swallowtail, 368 
yellow-necked caterpillar, 398 
sawflies— 
Arge pectoralis, 549 
birch leaf miner, 567 
birch leaf-mining sawfly, 566 
dusky birch sawfly, 580 
elm sawfly, 562-564 
giant American sawfly, 562-564 
leaf mining sawflies, 57 
striped alder sawfly, 572 
Trichiosoma triangulum, 564 
root feeder— 
Polydrusus impressifrons, 290 
sucking insects— 
aphids— 
Calaphis betulaecolens, 111, 129 
betulella, 111, 129 
Euceraphis betulae, 111, 129 
Longistigma caryae, 127 
spiny witch-hazel gall aphid, 133-134 
witch hazel leaf gall aphid, 133-134 
lacebugs— 
alder lacebug, 117 
birch lacebug, 117 
leafhoppers— 
Alebra spp., 120 
Empoasca spp., 120 
Erythroneura spp., 120 
Psylla carpinicola, 124 
stirata, 124 
Typhlocyba spp., 120 
scales— 
Chionaspis lintneri, 149 
oystershell scale, 151 
Birch, European white— 
leaf feeders— 
moths— 
birch casebearer, 491 
birch skeletonizer, 495 
sawflies— 
birch leaf miner, 567 
birch leaf-mining sawfly, 566 
Birch, gray— 
leaf feeders— 
butterflies and moths— 
Acrobasis betulella, 451 
birch casebearer, 491 
birch skeletonizer, 495 
Brephos infans, 422 
chain-spotted geometer, 436 
Datana angusii, 398 
filament bearer, 433 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
Hemileuca lucina, 380 
notched-wing geometer, 436 
Nymphalis j-album, 369 
sawflies— 
Arge pectoralis, 549 
birch leaf miner, 567 
birch leaf-mining sawfly, 566 
dusky birch sawfly, 580 
elm sawfly, 562-564 
Birch, paper— 
borer, wood— 
Upis ceramboides, 218 
leaf feeders— 
beetles— 
Phyllophaga drakei, 171 
Rhynchaenus sp., 292 
butterflies and moths— 
Acrobasis betulella, 451 
birch casebearer, 491 
birch skeletonizer, 495 
Brephos infans, 422 
chain-spotted geometer, 436 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
Heterocampa manteo, 404 
Nymphalis j-album, 369 
Symmerista albifrons, 403 
sawflies— 
Arge pectoralis, 549 
birch leaf miner, 567 
birch leaf-mining sawfly, 566 
dusky birch sawfly, 580 
sucking insects— 
lacebug— 
birch lacebug, 117 
Psylla annulata, 124 
Birch, river (red)— 
borers, bark and phloem— 
Agrilus betulae, 192 
Agromyza pruinosa, 522-524 
leaf feeders— 
moth— 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
sawflies— 
birch leaf-mining sawfly, 566 
dusky birch sawfly, 580 
Birch, sweet (black)— 
borers, wood— 
Lyctus spp., 227 
leaf feeders— 
moths— 
Acrobasis betulella, 451 
birch skeletonizer, 495 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
oriental moth, 441-442 
sawfly— 
dusky birch sawfly, 580 
Birch, yelow— 
leaf feeders— 
moths— 
birch skeletonizer, 495 
elm spanworm, 434 
gypsy moth, 408-412 
hemlock looper, 434 
Hyperetis amicaria, 433 
notched-wing geometer, 436 
Plagodis serinaria, 433 
snow-white linden moth, 434 
sawflies— 
birch leaf-mining sawfly, 566 
dusky birch sawfly, 580 
sucking insect— 
birch lacebug, 117 
Bittersweet (Celastrus)— 
borer, wood— 
Petalium seriatum, 226 
leaf feeder— 
Abbottana clemataria, 437 
sucking insect— 
euonymius scale, 107, 349 
