INSECTICIDES AND EQUIPMENT FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS 23 



The flakes are mixed with soil to destroy wireworms. white grabs, 

 garden centipedes, and other pests at the rate of 500 pounds per acre 

 or 19 ounces distributed under 100 linear feet of 12-inch furrow slice. 

 They are also scattered in places frequented by sowbugs, millipedes, 

 and slugs. 



When mixed with dormant gladiolus conns in storage at the rate of 

 1 handful per 100 conns or 1 pound per 2,000 conns, it destroys the 

 gladiolus thrips. It should be used only in the fall, after harvest. 

 Late spring treatments may injure the conns. 



Caution. — Persons breathing naphthalene vapors for several 

 hours will experience irritation of the respiratory tracts and eyes. 

 High concentrations can cause the same discomfort in a very 

 short time. 



NICOTINE 



Xicotine (X : H 14 X 2 ) is an alkaloid which occurs in tobacco and 

 related plants. In its pure state it is an oily, colorless liquid which is 

 soluble in water, alcohol, and fatty oils. For spraying purpo-e^ it is 

 commonly sold in the form of solutions of nicotine sulfate. The stand- 

 ard brands on the market usually contain the equivalent of 40 percent 

 of nicotine. They are deep-brown, thick liquids and are very stable. 

 Xicotine sulfate is a byproduct of the tobacco industry in the United 

 States and normally is readily available. 



Xicotine is used as a contact insecticide, a stomach poison, or a 

 fumigant. As a contact spray nicotine sulfate (-L0 percent nicotine) 

 is used at the rate of 1 to 2 pints per 100 gallons of water or other 

 sprays, to which may be added '2 to 4 pounds of soap. Xicotine sulfate 

 is compatible with bordeaux mixture, lime-sulfur, or other alkaline 

 materials. 



These spray combinations are effective against aphids. some species 

 of leafhoppers, adult whiteflies. the iris thrips. rose slugs, certain leaf 

 miners, the young stages of plant bugs, mealybugs, and scale insects. 



The combination of nicotine sulfate and mineral oil is effective as 

 a stomach poison, contact spray, and ovicide and is used against the 

 codling moth. A more effective codling moth spray is the combina- 

 tion of nicotine sulfate and bentonite. See Xicotine Bentonite (p. 24) . 



A spray used for control of the boxwood leaf miner during the adult 

 emergence period is made up as follows : 



For small Forlaroe 



quantities quantities 



Nicotine sulfate 1 teaspoonful. l'j pints. 



Molasses 1 pint. 12 gallons. 



Water 7 pints. 88 gallons. 



The material is applied to both surfaces of the leaves as a tine spray. 

 It kills the adult- a- they emerge from the leaves and entangles others 

 in the sticky deposit. 



Xicotine may also be incorporated in dust- (see page 24). Xicotine 

 fumes are used extensively as a greenhouse fumigant and for control- 

 ling aphids on peas, cabbage, beans, ami other crops. See page 25. 



Caution. — Nicotine and its compounds are violent poisons, and 

 care should be exercised in their use. Exposure to fumes or 

 sprays for any length of time causes the development of acute 

 nausea in some persons. Combinations other than nicotine ben- 



