INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 133 



the winter as adults. Some species require 2 or even 3 or more years 

 to complete their growth. 



Since the beetles of this family have very diverse habits, only those 

 species which attack and mine the inner bark of living trees will be 

 considered in this section. Those species that work in the wood are 

 more important from the standpoint of forest products and will be 

 discussed in that section. 



FiGUUK (Jo. — l-'latlicadcd hoi-ci-s ( M (laiKiiiliila sp.): A, Frass-packcd chainicis in Inner 

 bark; B, full-grown birvae ; (7, adults; B and C, natural size. 



For the control of flatheaded borers that mine in the inner bark, 

 the same methods are used as for bark beetles. Infested trees usually 

 are felled, peeled, and burned, and this work is frequently carried on 

 in connection with the control of bark beetles. 



The pine flatheaded borer {Melanophila gentilis Lee.) {13) is com- 

 monly found throughout the Western States, working beneath the 

 bark of sugar pine, ponderosa pine, ^.nd Jeffrey pine. It is the 

 species usually found infesting felled trees and logs, windfalls, and 

 injured trees or occurring as a secondary species in the bole of 

 standing trees. The adults are about one-half inch in length and are 

 a bright, bluish green. The larvae are white, legless grubs about 1 



