INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 37 
borers are very similar to flatheaded borers, except that the body is 
usually thicker and has a horny plate only on the upper surface of 
the first enlarged segment. The larvae feed under the bark and 
through the deadwood of the killed twigs, forming broadly oval 
tunnels which are filled with boring dust. The beetles that are most 
frequently involved in this type of damage are the following: 
Species Hosts and distribution 
Oncideres trinodatus Casey______- Mesquite, huisache, huajilla, and Parkin- 
sonia. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 
Oncideres quercus Skinner_______. Oak. Arizona. 
Oncideres pustulatus Lee________- Mesquite. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, 
and California. 
Other species of roundheaded borers which may be found in twigs 
and branches of western forest trees include the following: 
Species ' Hosts and distribution 
Opsimus quadrilineatus Mann____. Spruce, fir, hemlock, and Douglas fir. West- 
ern States. 
Oeme sCOStata “Wee so Ponderosa and pinion pine. Colorado and 
Arizona, 
Oeme stranguiata Horns 2 L. Cypress and juniper. Arizona. 
Callidium hirtellum ec. _______. Ponderosa pine. California and Oregon, 
Callidium hardyi Van D____---__~—- Douglas fir, fir. Pacific coast. 
Callidium californicum Casey——_—- Juniper and cedar. Oregon, California, and 
Nevada. 
Callidium pseudotsugae Fisher___. Douglas fir. California and Oregon. 
Neoclytus muricatulus Kirby-—___- Spruce, larch, Douglas fir, and pines. West- 
; ern States. 
Pogonocherus oregonus Lec______- Fir. Western States. 
Pogonocherus crinitus Lec______ _- Oak. California to British Columbia. 
Oberea ferruginea Casey_________ Willow. Colorado. 
TWIG MOTHS AND TIP MOTHS 
The caterpillars of a large group of moths bore into and feed on 
the fresh, tender bark, and cambium layers of growing terminal and 
lateral shoots. Their feeding causes the deformation or death of 
these parts and results in a many-branched, poorly shaped tree, and 
in some instances results in the tree’s death. Such damage is par- 
ticularly serious in young plantations or to cut-over lands where a 
second crop of straight, vigorous trees which will produce sound 
lumber in the shortest possible length of time is desired. Older trees 
also are attacked by these moths, but the damage is much less con- 
spicuous and of little significance. 
Damage of this type is caused principally by the caterpillars of 
moths belonging to the genera Deoryctria and Pinipestis of the 
family Pyralidae and the genera Rhyacionia, Petrova, Eucosma, 
and Laspeyresia of the family EKucosmidae. 
The control of cambium-feeding twig and tip moths is a very dif- 
ficult undertaking, and as yet no completely satisfactory methods 
have been evolved. Spraying with a light miscible oil in May, at the 
time the eggs are hatching, has given fair results, but the time of 
application is such an important consideration that the method 
should be used only with the advice of an expert. The use of other 
sprays is still in the experimental stage. Hand picking of the in- 
fested tips offers some hope of control on small valuable plantations 
that are isolated from sources of reinfestation. 
{ 
9 aE, 
oS Ss 
es Se 
i. ale —._-sear-2<«s 
ey Ise) ae SS ae 
=... 2, eo eo 6 
a egies 
a 
Wo Na OND 
Ser 
. RSE ce “TWEE AS 
