INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 69 
The control of this defoliator can be accomplished by spraying in 
March and April with lead arsenate spray when the worms are very 
small and again during the last of July and first part of August. 
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FicurE 31.—The California oak worm (Phryganidia californica) : A, Adult moth, natural 
size; B, eggs, X 4; C, young larva, xX 3; D, full-grown larvae, X %; H, pupa, xX 2. 
(Drawings by Edmonston. ) 
TUSSOCK MOTHS 
(Hemerocampa spp.) 
The tussock moths represent a very destructive group of leaf- 
feeding insects that attack coniferous species as well as broadleaved 
trees. The adults are dark-brown or dull colored, very fuzzy moths, 
that are chiefly nocturnal in habit. The males fly, but the wings of 
the females are but short. pads, of no use for flight. The abdomens of 
the females are large and covered with a mat of dark-gray hair. 
The full-grown caterpillars are strikingly marked and very hairy 
with prominent pencils or small tufts of hairs on all the body seg- 
ments, the whole giving much the appearance of a toothbrush. The 
larval hairs are easily detached and in some species are somewhat 
poisonous, causing a rash or eczema when they come in contact with 
the skin. 3 
The female lays small white eggs in a mass on top of her own 
cocoon and covers them with a frothy, gelatinous secretion in which 
are embedded hairs from her body. The eggs hatch into tiny, very 
hairy caterpillars. Since the females are unable to fly, the principal 
time of dispersion is probably during this young caterpillar stage, 
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