86 MISC. PUBLICATION 278, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Other very similar species of Recurvaria attack lodgepole pine in 
Oregon and Montana. These differ from the foregoing in having 
one generation annually. Extensive areas in the Deschutes National 
Forest have recently been seriously defoliated. 
Another species, Recurvaria moreonella Hein., attacks ponderosa 
pine needles in southern Oregon on the Klamath Indian Reservation 
and occasionally causes heavy loss of foliage. 
The spruce needle miner (Yaniva albolineana Kearf.) bores into 
and mines the needles of Engelmann spruce near the base, webbing 
them together to form a mat of dead needles held to the twigs by 
.the webs. Sometimes three or four larvae mine a single needle. 
They do considerable damage at times in Colorado. 
LEAF MINERS 
The leaves of many broadleaved trees are attacked by the larvae of 
many leaf-eating insects that bore within and feed internally on the 
leaf tissue. The damage they do is usually insignificant, since these 
trees are able to replace 
their foliage each year. 
Insects with the leaf- 
mining habit belong in 
the main to the order 
of the moths and butter- 
flies (Lepidoptera), but 
a few beetles (Coleop- 
tera), flies (Diptera), 
and wasps (Hymenop- 
tera) also have this habit. 
The leaf blotch miners 
hollow out irregular- 
shaped mines or blotches 
between the upper and 
lower surfaces of leaves. 
There are many species 
that work on the leaves 
of various western 
broadleaved trees. 
The madrona shield 
bearer (Coptodisca arbu- 
tiella Busck) mines the 
leaves of madrona and 
: arate cuts out elliptical holes 
pee 43-——W Sao anion peter miner (Phylloc- when constructing the 
pupal cases. Commonly 
associated with it in leaves of madrofia is another leaf-mining 
species, Marmara arbutiella Busck. 
The poplar leaf blotch miner (Phyllonorycter tremuloidella 
Braun) attacks the leaves of aspen and poplars and constructs ir- 
regularly shaped mines between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. 
It has been reported from California, Idaho, and British Columbia 
and no doubt has a more extended range. When mature, the larvae 
change to small black pupae within the mines and then emerge as 
