INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 131 
The western cedar bark beetle (Phloeosinus punctatus Lec.) at- 
tacks the trunk and larger limbs of western red cedar, incense cedar, 
Alaska cedar, and Port Orford cedar in the mountains of the Pacific 
Coast States and eastward through the range of western red cedar. 
It is a common species and at times quite injurious to living trees. 
The galleries consist of either one short tunnel, not over an inch 
in length, or two short tunnels in the form of a V. The beetles 
are dark red to black and about one-eighth inch long. 
The juniper bark beetle (Phloesinus juniperit Sw.) is dark brown 
and about one-eighth inch in length. It attacks the trunks of west- 
ern juniper in California and Oregon. P. scopulorum Sw. breeds in 
Juniperus scopulorum in British Columbia and southward into 
Washington. P. utahensis Sw. breeds in J. monosperma in Colorado 
and Utah. 
The redwood bark beetle (Phloeosinus sequoiae Hopk.) (44) is 
one-eighth inch long and the largest of the genus. It attacks weak- 
ened, felled, or fire-scorched redwocd (fig. 64), western red cedar, 
and Port Orford cedar along the coast from British Columbia to 
central California. 
The bigtree bark beetle (Phlocosinus rubicundulus Sw.) works in 
broken branches of big trees (Sequoia washingtoniana) in their 
native groves in California. 
The cypress bark beetles, Phlocosinus cupressi Hopk. and P. cris- 
tatus Lec., are at times very destructive to the various species of 
cypress in California. Besides killing many trees outright, they 
mine and kill the twigs of ornamentals, making the trees very un- 
sightly. The Sargent cypress bark beetle (Phloeosinus variolatus 
Bruck) is a large species which works in Sargent cypress in Califor- 
nia. Other small species of cedar bark beetles which work mainly 
in twigs are discussed on page 32. 
BARK BEETLES AFFECTING BROADLEAVED TREES 
Certain species and genera of bark beetles confine their attacks to 
various broadleaved forest trees. Some of these are important 
enemies of shade trees, park trees, and ornamentals. Some of the 
more common are mentioned in the following paragraphs: 
The alder bark beetle (Alniphagus aspericollis Lec.) 18 a common, 
and often quite destructive enemy of western alders from British 
Columbia southward through California. The beetles usually at- 
tack weakened, dying, or felled trees. The adults are small, 
robust bark beetles about one-eighth inch long. They bore through 
the bark in pairs, usually at the base of branches, and construct a 
longitudinal egg gallery from 2 to 5 inches long, with no apparent 
nuptial cell. Eggs are placed close together along both walls of 
the gallery, with as many as 50 eggs to the inch. The larvae work 
out from the egg gallery and pupate in the soft inner bark. There 
appear to be two generations a year, with attacks occurring through- 
out the growing season. 
The ash bark beetle (Leperisinus californicus Sw.) breeds in felled 
or dying ash trees in California and Oregon, and under certain con- 
ditions may be injurious to living trees. The adults are small bark 
beetles covered with scales. They construct egg galleries beneath 
8S, 
the bark, with two transverse branches starting from a central en- 
