INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 133 
the winter as adults. Some species require 2 or even 3 or more years 
to complete their growth. 
Since the beetles of this family have very diverse habits, only those 
species which attack and mine the inner bark of living trees will be 
considered in this section. Those species that work itn the wood are 
more important from the standpoint of forest products and will be 
discussed in that section. 
FIGURE 65.—Flatheaded borers (Melanophila sp.) : A, Frass-packed channeis in inner 
bark; B, full-grown larvae; GC, adults; B and (, natural size. 
For the control of flatheaded borers that mine in the inner bark, 
the same methods are used as for bark beetles. Infested trees usually 
are felled, peeled, and burned, and this work is frequently carried on 
in connection with the control of bark beetles. 
The pine flatheaded borer (Melanophila gentilis Lec.) (13) 1s com- 
monly found throughout the Western States, working beneath the 
bark of sugar pine, ponderosa pine, and Jeffrey pine. It is the 
species usually found infesting felled trees and logs, windfalls, and 
injured trees or occurring as a secondary species in the bole of 
standing trees. The adults are about one-half inch in length and are 
a bright, bluish green. The larvae are white, legless erubs about 1 
