INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 165 
Mexico. The adults are large moths with reddish, brown, or black 
bodies and buff or clay-colored wings. The caterpillars are yellow, 
eray, or black and have numerous coarse, poisonous spines. 
The California tortoise-shell butterfly ’ (Aglais californica Bdv.) 
(fig 83) is found throughout all the Western States and often ap- 
pears 1n such numbers as sto attract public attention. The caterpillars 
é Woy a a a 
aa Wf 
Ze, es ys ae (G ee Fed Heed 
FicureE 83.—California tortoise-shell butterfly (Aglais californica) : A, Adults; B, cater- 
pillar; and ©, pendulous chrysalids. (Above) about natural size; (below) about half 
size. (Drawings by Hdmonston.) 
feed on different species of Ceanothus, and during severe epidemics 
other shrubs and: trees may be attacked. The adults are medium- 
sized butterflies with a wing expanse of 2 to 214 inches. The wings 
are brown, with orange above, marked with black spots and black 
borders, with a single black spot and a marginal row of purple spots 
