24 MISC. PUBLICATION 797, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Italy, has an area of 61 square kilometers (23 square miles) and 
a flora of 714 species (Pampanini, 1930). The only flora is the 
list by Pampanini. 
SCANDINAVIA.—Under this heading are placed 22 primary and 
33 subsidiary titles relating to two or more of the countries 
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, or to large parts 
thereof (Lapland). These works include 8 floras (of which 4 are 
scientific, 4 popular or semipopular with hundreds of colored 
illustrations), an iconography, a bibliography, 3 lists of species 
with indication of range by countries or regions, an atlas of 
distribution maps, 3 works on vernacular names, 1 on weeds, and 
a few on miscellaneous subjects. 
SPAIN.—The republic of Spain, with an area of 492,921 square 
kilometers (191,424 square miles) has a flora of 6,204 vascular 
plants, including cultivated species (Lazaro é Ibiza, 1920-21). 
There are several complete floras (Amo y Mora, 1871-73; Will- 
komm and Lange, 1861-80, with supplement 1893; Lazaro é Ibiza, 
1920-21), none of which can be regarded as satisfactory at the 
present time. The latest flora, by Caballero (1940), includes only 
the commoner or more interesting species. An entirely uncritical 
enumeration of the plants of Spain and Portugal with detailed 
local distribution by Colmeiro, in 5 volumes (1885-89), contains 
9,791 species of which 6,064 are phanerogams. Publications by 
Willkomm and Caballero contain illustrations of about 300 
characteristic, mostly or all endemic species. Colmeiro gave a 
bibliography in 1858 and a fuller but unannotated one in 1885, 
Willkomm a better one in 1896, and Rehder a pretty complete 
classified list of publications through 1900. Colmeiro’s Diccion- 
ario gives a very extensive list of Spanish and Portuguese 
vernacular names of the Old and New Worlds and lists of Arabic 
names used in Spain and of old Spanish names of the 14th and 
15th centuries, Asin Palacios has a study of Romance names of 
the 11th or 12th century, Mas y Guindal a catalog of vernacular 
and pharmaceutical names of medicinal substances, and there are 
vernacular names in numerous floras and other works. There is 
an extensive treatment of native and naturalized woody plants 
by Laguna and Avila (1883-90), and an anonymous work on 
woody plants of mountainous areas (1888). A catalog of culti- 
vated plants grouped by uses has been provided by Dantin Cere- 
ceda, who has also published a list of 1,165 weedy plants, both 
of these with ample vernacular names. There are half a dozen 
works on native and cultivated medicinal plants. The wild and 
cultivated useful plants are treated by de la Puerta (1891) and 
in a less detailed way in other works. The ecology and phyto- 
geography are treated by Willkomm (1896), and again recently 
by Font Quer, and Reyes Prosper has written on the steppe areas 
scattered over Spain. Willkomm gives a good account of botanical 
explorations up to about 1895. 
Of the 14 regions (including, as here taken, the Baleares) into 
which the 48 provinces are grouped, 9 possess floras (4 regions 
being covered by 2 joint floras), of which 4 date from 1795 to 
1867 and 5 from 1905 to 1987. The 5 regions lacking floras are 
