274 MISC. PUBLICATION 218, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
The comparison between gross incomes and expenses, given in 
table 116, clearly shows the low yields relative to the carrying charges 
incurred in growing this species under the assumed conditions. It 
will be recalled that the poor showing of jack pine in the Lake States 
is partially due to the very low stumpage price, as well as to the fact 
that the same price was used for all age classes, rather than one in- 
creasing with age as in the New Hampshire and North Carolina studies. 
It should also be remembered that these examples are based on 
average conditions, and that where the situation is more favorable 
than the average, jack pine will make a much better showing. 
TaBLE 116.—Gross income compared with expense with and without taxes, for jack 
pine rn the Lake States through one rotation, on different sites, with and without 
planting } 
WITH TAXES 
Good site | Medium site | Poor site 
Type of regeneration S A | i 
Toss Toss : | Toss 
mene Expense PneaTiC Expense | icone Expense 
Plan ting? So et ar cares $20 $17 $16 $15 $12 $14 
ING Gre See ee ee ne 19 1 13 11 1 12 
WITHOUT TAXES 
lan Gin fee ee ee 23 10 21 12 17 15 
Natura eS eee 20 5 18 6 12 8 
1 Interest rate used, 3 percent. For financial rotations used, see table 114. Sources of data: Columns 2, 
4, and 6 from table 96, interpolating when necessary to determine money yields or gross incomes for the 
financial rotations; columns 3, 5, and 7 by computation as explained in the text. 
OTHER MetHops oF TIMBER GROWING 
It has been claimed that the property tax encourages destructive 
cutting of timber and discourages selective logging and the leaving of 
seed trees where such methods would be desirable to insure continu- 
ous timber production. The term ‘‘selective logging’’ has come into 
general use among lumbermen and foresters to mean any method of | 
partial cutting by which a portion of the standing timber that would 
be cut in an ordinary destructive logging operation is reserved for 
cutting at a later time. In logging practice this term often includes 
the leaving of seed trees, although the latter is a very different 
system in silvicultural practice. Seed trees are scattered trees left 
for the purpose of seeding in a cut-over area. After seedlings have 
been established, the seed trees are usually cut. Obviously the two 
methods grade into one another, and the terms are often used inter- 
changeably. Both selective logging and the leaving of seed trees, 
as well as all modifications of either, are merely methods of providing 
a stand of timber for future harvest. A comprehensive plan for 
growing timber (plan of management) might involve selective logging 
or leaving of seed trees on some areas, and clear cutting with pro- 
vision for natural reforestation or artificial reforestation on other 
areas. Taxation will affect any of these phases of forest management, 
in every case where deferment of income is involved, in the same man- 
ner as it will affect the growing of timber from bare land, but to a less 
degree. Selective logging especially would appear to be affected in 
