came from stands of old-growth pine, which are 

 rapidly being removed. The large quantity of 

 second-growth turpentine pines coming in will en- 

 able the naval stores industry to maintain its present 

 production at least during the next 20 years, and 

 possibly to increase it materially. Under a sus- 

 tained-yield naval stores program, utilizing the full 

 resources of the survey unit, about 485,000 cords in 

 worked-out turpentine trees would be made availa- 

 ble annually. If the wood-products industries which 

 remain after the old growth has been cut out re- 

 quire 200,000 cords, as is estimated, then a remain- 

 der of 285,000 cords will also be available for wood 

 products from this source of supply alone. 



The top stems of saw-timber pines are seldom used 

 in lumber and similar operations, and in 1934 the 

 greater part of more than 100,000 cords of such 

 material was left in the woods in logged-over areas. 

 Some tops were utilized for fuel, but a large propor- 

 tion of the volume remained in the woods as waste 

 and may be considered an additional source of 

 pulpwood. The forest would be considerably im- 

 proved if all sound and rotten cull trees were re- 

 moved. Of the more than 2% million cords of sound 

 material in such trees, nearly 8 percent is in pine 

 and the remainder in pulping hardwoods and 

 cypress. 



Wood-products industries already established 

 utilized in 1934 a volume of nonturpentine pines 

 equivalent to the annual increment in both the 

 old-growth and second-growth stands. Any 

 heavier cutting would mean a reduction in the 

 growing stock of this species group; but on an 

 area not covered by the field survey, the Ocala 

 National Forest, it is estimated that by 1942 the 

 sand pine stand will produce annually more than 

 35,000 cords of wood not now used by other indus- 

 tries. It does not appear likely that a pulpwood 

 industry will compete seriously for old-growth 

 cypress and pulping hardwoods. In 1934 there 

 was a surplus of increment over use in second- 

 growth pulping hardwoods of more than 80,000 

 cords and in second-growth cypress of about 40,000 

 cords. 



In 1934 there was, therefore, an accumulation 

 of more than 3 million cords in sound and rotten 

 cull pines and in worked-out turpentine pines, a 

 large portion of which may be considered immedi- 

 ately available for pulpwood. Looking into the 



future, it is estimated that more than 400,000 

 cords of pine would be available for pulpwood 

 annually from turpentine areas, tops and limbs, 

 and the sand pine on the Ocala National Forest. 

 In addition, there is now a surplus of increment 

 over use of 120,000 cords in second-growth pulp- 

 ing hardwood and cypress; and more than 2}{ 

 million cords of culls in these species have accumu- 

 lated. 



A steady market for pulpwood could materially 

 benefit this survey unit. All classes of stands could 

 be improved by a reduction in the number of 

 sound and rotten cull trees and in some stands by 

 the thinning of dense second growth (fig. 8). 

 Worked-out turpentine timber, which is now 

 stagnating large areas (fig. 7) and threatening to 

 accumulate further, could be removed to make 

 room for round turpentine pine. Turpentine 

 operators, by supplementing their regular activi- 

 ties with the cutting of pulpwood, could materially 

 reduce the cost of their naval stores operations. 

 The seasonal nature of agricultural activities 

 would make it possible for farms and agricultural 

 workers to obtain an additional cash income, and 

 established communities could be further stabilized. 

 If sound forest-management policies are adopted 

 and practiced by pulp and paper manufacturers 

 on their own lands and enforced through con- 

 tracts on the lands of those from whom they pur- 

 chase pulpwood, the pulpwood industry can 

 become established in northeastern Florida and 

 at the same time the growing stock can be built 

 up. If, on the other hand, destructive methods 

 are employed or permitted, the pulpwood industry 

 can transform productive, rapidly growing stands 

 of second-growth pine into nonproductive clear- 

 cut lands or scrub oak stands. The removal of 

 young pine at a time when rapid growth is taking 

 place will be detrimental to established industries, 

 cause a material loss to owners of land who could 

 later sell their timber for higher priced products, 

 and possibly drive into decadence established 

 communities. 



A mill has already been erected at Fernandina 

 and others are being constructed at Fernandina and 

 Jacksonville. The establishment of any new plant 

 in this survey unit should be decided upon only 

 after careful consideration has been given to the 

 wood requirements of existing industries and to the 



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