80 MISC. PUBLICATION 273, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



Key to Diagnosis of Injury from Defoliating Insects (Cont.) 



4. Leaves rolled or tied together to form a protective covering 



for nearly naked caterpillars feeding within. 



a. On conifers. 



(1) New needles within opening buds fed upon 



and expanding foliage at tips of branches 

 lightly webbed together and fed upon by 

 nearly hairless caterpillars that wriggle 

 violently backwards, or fall to the ground 

 when disturbed 



Bud moths and budworms, p. 102 

 aa. On firs and spruce; caterpillars are 

 dark brown with yellowish-green 

 markings and pale warty tuber- 

 cles on sides .... Spruce budworm 



{Choristoneura spp.), p. 102 

 bb. On hemlock; caterpillars are bright 

 green with black heads 

 Black-headed budworm (Acleris) , p. 105 

 cc. On spruce; yellowish to grayish- 

 green caterpillars with brownish- 

 yellow heads 

 Spruce budmoth (Zeiraphera) , p. 108 

 dd. On larch and fir; similar to the 

 above 



Larch budmoth (Zeiraphera) , p. 109 

 ee. On pines; mine needle fascicles, 

 usually killing needles before they 

 are half grown Zelleria spp., p. 112 



(2) Needles mined and several drawn together 



to form a tube, lined with a white, closely 



woven web Pine tube moth or needle 



tier, Argyrotaenia, p. 106 



(3) Needles mined and several webbed together 



to form a mat of dead needles and frass. 

 aa. In spruce 



Spruce needle miner (Taniva spp.), p. Ill 

 bb. In white fir 



Fir needle miner (Epinotia spp.), p. 112 

 cc. In cypress 



Cypress webber {Epinotia spp.), p. 113 



b. On broadleaved trees. . .Leaf rollers and budmoths, p. 109 



5. Foliage mined internally: 



a. In coniferous needles Needle miners, p. 109 



(1) Single pine needles mined; not webbed together 



Pine needle miners (Recurvaria spp.), p. 109 



(2) Leaf scales and twiglets of cedarlike trees 



mined and webbed; without conspicuous 

 frass; white cocoons on twigs 



Argyresthia spp., p. 112 



b. In leaves of broadleaved trees and shrubs 



Leaf miners, p. 113 



PINE BUTTERFLY 



The pine butterfly (N eophasia menapia Feld.) (48) (fig. 32) is 

 potentially one of the most dangerous enemies of ponderosa 

 pine in the Northwestern States. One of the earliest re- 

 corded outbreaks occurred near Spokane, Wash., in 1882. Since 

 that date several outbreaks have developed in the ponderosa pine 



