INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 



81 



Figure 32. — The pine butterfly (Neophasia menapia) : A, eggs; B, larvae; 

 C, pupae; D, adult male; E, adult female. Slightly enlarged. 



stands of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia. One 

 of the worst of these was on the Yakima Indian Reservation, in 

 Washington, 1893-95. Ponderosa pine over about 150,000 acres 

 was affected, and from 20 to 90 percent of the stand was killed. 

 The total loss amounted to nearly a billion board feet, and the 

 effects of this outbreak are still evident. A more recent outbreak 

 severely defoliated thousands of acres of ponderosa pine along 

 the Little Salmon and Payette Rivers in Idaho in 1922 and 1923. 

 Old, mature ponderosa pines are more susceptible to injury than 

 the younger, thriftier trees. Western white pine and lodgepole 

 pine, when in mixture with ponderosa pine, are also attacked 

 Sometimes clouds of moths are seen hovering around the tops of 

 Douglas-firs along the coast of Washington and British Columbia, 

 but reports of damage to this tree have never been verified. 



