INSECT ENEMIES OF WESTERN FORESTS 



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between July 15 and August 15, instead of only in alternate years. 

 Other species of Recurvaria include pinella Busck, which mines 

 ponderosa pine needles in Colorado, and piceaella (Kearf.), which 

 mines the needles of various spruces in Colorado and in the North- 

 east. 



f 



Figure 48. — The spruce needle miner (Taniva albolineana) : A, Damage on 

 spruce twig; B, larvae; C, pupae; D, adults. Slightly reduced. 



The spruce needle miner {Taniva albolineana (Kearf.)) (fig. 

 48) at times does considerable damage to spruce by boring into 

 and mining needles, and webbing them together to form a mat of 

 dead needles and frass held to the twigs by the webs. It is widely 

 distributed through the Eastern States and Canada. In the West 

 it has been found in Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and 

 British Columbia attacking Engelmann, blue, and Sitka spruces. 



