[Lee 
absorb as much lumber as the industry is likely 
to produce if prices are not too high. The market 
will, in general, be less selective than before the 
war—with respect to species, grades, and sizes. Such 
less desirable species as beech, the true firs, and 
hemlock, for example, will find a more profitable 
market. Some markets may be lost because of 
short supply and high lumber prices, but the rela- 
tion of supply and demand will continue to favor 
the operators who own their own timber. On the 
other hand, those who do not own timber enough 
to meet their needs will find competition with 
other forest industries for stumpage more intense. 
Manufacturers of pulp and paper, veneer, cooper- 
age, and other products are, to an ever increasing 
extent, obliged to obtain their raw material from 
the same sources as the lumber industry. 
All these factors vindicate the foresight of pro- 
gressive owners who undertook  sustained-yield 
management a decade or more ago. The more fav- 
orable outlook is largely responsible for the in- 
creasing number of operators interested in good 
forest practice today. More than one-third of the 
land owned by lumber companies is now given 
some degree of planned forest management, and 
one-fourth of the cutting on lumber-company land 
is good or of high order,?? by far the best showing 
being in the South. 
The Pulp and Paper Industry 
Pulp and paper manufacture ranks second to 
lumber among the timber industries. In 1944, 
according to Forest Service estimates, it employed 
175,570 full-time equivalent workers and paid total 
wages of $316,600,000. Several facts concerning 
this industry may be emphasized: (1) There is 
an expanding market for its products; (2) it de- 
pends on foreign countries for a substantial part 
of its raw-material supply; (3) it has a high de- 
gree of internal integration, and (4) it has large 
plant investments. 
The use of paper and paperboard in this country 
has expanded from 57 pounds per capita in 1899 to 
119 pounds in 1919, 243 pounds in 1939, and 317 
pounds in 1946. ‘The peak has probably not been 
reached. Furthermore, new uses for wood pulp 
such as rayon, cellophane, photographic film, and 
plastics have increased the demand, and chemical 
research continues to find new uses. 
The raw-material supply for paper and pulp 
22) See fie, 15, \ps.48: 
products is complex (fig. 17). Imports come in 
at all stages—as pulpwood, wood pulp, and paper 
and paperboard—and reuse of paper adds substan- 
tially to the domestic supply of raw material. 
The five standard pulp-making processes differ 
in wood requirements, yields, and products. Forty- 
five percent of the 10-million-ton pulp output in 
1944 was produced by the sulfate process. Almost 
any species can be used for sulfate pulp; but most 
of it is made from southern yellow pine. The 
yield is less than half the wood weight. Sulfate 
pulp is used principally for wrapping and bag 
papers and paperboard. However, bleaching makes 
it suitable also for newsprint and higher grades of 
paper. 
Twenty-four percent of the 1944 output was by 
the sulfite process, which is used for the best grades 
of paper, rayon, cellophane, and other pure cellu- 
lose products. Long-fibered nonresinous conifers 
—the spruces, balsam firs, and hemlock—are the chief 
species used and the yield is about 50 percent. 
This is the chief chemical process in both the North 
and the West. 
Mechanical or ground-wood pulp, the major com- 
ponent of newsprint paper, and the most exacting 
in its requirements, accounted for 15 percent of 
the 1944 output. Only the long-fibered light- 
colored spruces, balsam firs, and western hemlock 
are suitable for this process, but the yield is about 
90 percent by weight. Most of the ground-wood 
output is in the North. 
The soda process accounted for only 4 percent 
of the 1944 output. It is used for pulping hard- 
wood species, chiefly aspen and cottonwood in the 
North, and the yield is about 50 percent. Mixed 
with sulfite pulp, it is used for book and magazine 
paper. 
The semichemical processes, accounting for 5 
percent of the output, use almost any hardwood. 
The yield is 70 to 80 percent, and the principal 
product is corrugated board. 
In addition to the standard pulp-making pro- 
cesses, the production of defibrated, exploded, and - 
asplund fiber for manufacturing building board, 
insulating board, other fiber boards, and roofing 
is growing into a substantial industry—accounting 
for 6 percent of total pulp output in 1944. Using 
a wide variety of both conifers and hardwoods, 
these new processes hold promise for all forest 
regions. 
The pulp and paper industry is compact. In 
contrast to the thousands of sawmills, there were 
54 Miscellaneous Publication 668, U. S. Department of Agriculture 
