volume occur in remanufacture of other products 
as, for example, when paper is made into bags and 
boxes. 
Three-fourths of the volume of waste occurring 
in the form of wood arises in the production of 
lumber (table 23). Wood waste in pulp and paper 
making comes next, with about 514 percent. (If 
to the waste as wood is added the fiber and chemical 
waste, the pulp and paper industry accounts for 
13 percent of all waste.) Veneer and hewn cross 
ties each account for a little more than 4 percent 
of the waste volume, and the remaining 10 percent 
is divided among other products. 
Manufacture of cooperage stock is the most 
wasteful of the timber industries: only 28 percent 
of the volume of the trees cut appears in the prod- 
uct. However, the total volume involved is small. 
Hewing of cross ties is almost as wasteful and 
accounts for twice as much waste, very little of 
which is used for fuel. 
About two-thirds of the timber volume is wasted 
in the production of lumber and veneer. Little 
more than one-third of the lumber waste but almost 
half of the veneer waste is used as fuel. 
Tas_e 23.—Logging and primary manufacturing 
waste in relation to forest drain by principal 
timber products, United States, 1944 
Proportion of drain 
Forest 
Product Ayaan Waste Used Not 
for |used at |Product 
fuel all 
Million | Million 
cu. ft. cu. ft. Percent Percent Percent 
Lumber ete 6,711 4,567 
Pulp and paper* 1,306 325 8 17 75 
Veneer aa 392 260 30 36 34 
Hewn cross ties......., 363 254 4 66 30 
Fuel. woodsn.2 2,203 199 0 9 91 
Cooperage stock...... 174 126 23 49 28 
Fence posts and 
round mine 
timbersin ee 445 47 1 9 90 
Shinglesi#223 2s. 72 45 18 45 37 
Other eee ee 516 192 17 20 63 
All products} 12,182 | 16,015 16 33 51 
* Includes only waste as wood; excludes waste of fiber and 
chemical components in pulp and paper manufacture. Does 
not include waste from processing imported pulpwood, 
estimated at 9 million cubic feet. 
Round products, like mine timbers, fence posts, 
and fuel wood, involve waste of only 9 or 10 per- 
cent, practically none of which gets used for fuel. 
In pulpwood operations, however, ‘one-quarter of 
the wood is lost and, if chemical losses were in- 
64 
cluded, the percent of waste would be about the 
same as for lumber or veneer. 
Only 20 percent of the waste is in the North; 44 
percent is in the South and 36 percent in the West 
(table 24). 
Tas_e 24.—Logging and primary manufacturing 
waste by regions, 1944 
Primary 
Section and Logging manufac- H 
region waste turing Total 
waste + 
Million Million Million 
North: cu. ft. cu. ft. cu. ft. 
New England........ 30 103 233 
Middle Atlantic... 161 116 277 
akel es eee oes 200 80 280 
Gentral a ae 293 116 409 
lainsie cena 4 3 7 
Total sae 788 418 1,206 
South: 
South Atlantic... 297 393 690 
Southeast... 557 638 1,195 
West Gulf... 386 371 757 
otal aieeeeeeens 1,240 1,402 2,642 
West: 
Pacific Northwest. 927 759 1,686 
California............... 127 161 288 
North Rocky Mtn. 59 98 157 
South Rocky Mtn. 14 32 46 
SLhota Gea eeael 1,127 1,050 2,177 
United States... 3,155 258705 IG O25 
*Includes waste from both domestic and imported wood. 
In both North and South the waste is widely 
scattered among thousands of small mills and a 
still larger number of small logging jobs. In the 
South the dispersion of logging waste is accentuated 
by the fact that so much of it arises from the 
cutting of light, understocked stands. On the 
other hand, primary manufacturing waste is some- 
what more concentrated in the South than in the 
North because the output per plant averages much 
greater. The volume of mill waste is 31% times 
as great in the South as in the North. Logging 
waste is much greater than primary manufacturing 
waste in the North because so much of the cut is’ 
from heavy-topped hardwoods. 
Contrary to what might be expected, the volume | 
of waste in the West is not as great as in the South, 
but because of the size of timber and character of 
the operation it is more concentrated. ‘The great- 
est concentration is in the Pacific Northwest, where 
the bulk of the output is from large mills grouped 
around a few manufacturing centers. Logging 
waste assumes especially large proportions in the 
Douglas-fir subregion. Here clear-cutting of heavy 
Miscellaneous Publication 668, U. S. Department of Agriculture 
