UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 657 
Washington, D. C. December 1949 
INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN 
FORESTS’ 
Prepared under the supervision of F.C. CRAIGHEAD, entomologist in charge, Divi- 
sion of Forest Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant 
Quarantine, Agricultural Research Administration 
CONTENTS 
Page 
Gaiters OCU tel OTN a roe a Settee era ere AG ea Pee een eo) A ee 2 
Relation of insects to forest and ornamental TCC See ee ea 3) 
Prevalencerand- activity. Of forest imSectss = 225.2 8 2 ae + 
HMSeCCESeaml CECISCASES2 ee SS eee et a ee = 10 
The control of forest insects______ ieee ia S fet ds Ne eto ee tea nia ese? 11 
Natural control factors and influences Tel ap Mc et aris ite See alal 
Silvicultural control of forest insects Soh oP ORae Age Ag ak 18 
Insects attacking shade and ornamental trees Erte ee) Ski elie rcs oe cca mse 20 
SORES iin es liigvalila Pelee OG eee ee te ee oie BS i ee ee 24 
Insects in nurseries and young plantations_ Gi Sa eae 27 
Insects attacking forest products___________-_ ete e iter Rina cee 37 
iBarkg beetlevcontrola === = a a A RL rea re ee eS 47 
Insecticidal control of insects in the for est.» By “S: FE. Potts_ pat a a asa ae Pet 51 
The use of beneficial insects in the control of for est tree pests. By R. C. 
J BRYON a eS af a er eg aA re de I ere ot 
The zoological position of insects and some of their common relatives____ 60 
Crawfish and shrimps— Mere pet ee Pe Ene ce a One Tetley ee Re SY Se Ss 60 
Millipedes and centipedes as = She ee Se EER Derstene st 61 
SCOmpIOnN Gaae =e ee Ret pee Apa a eae, aie Bk at 62 
SEU OS COL ON Saree ate es Ree ee ON Th a a ee 62 
SONG Cy eee pees wets a eee ee ee ee ea ee 63 
Farnvestmenss= = == ee eeiee: sete RON See ee 2 SO es 3 nas 63 
Mites, ticks, and red spiders___ Pais Se Aare ee pape Es BOR Pet ek be eee 63 
Mamie borers: by BoA. St. George. 22) agen ee 66 
The forest insects_--__- 5, Et SCRE I a ge OL Se io Ab ep RR A 69 
Practical keys to the orders, families, and eenera “of forest insects, based 
OnEebyNeStofaImMyury.—o= = _* 2 =. a Seber eee Ry Mad doen, wee AL 69 
MPO ia PORGCESIOhINSCCUS=. 2 a ee ee ee eee eee ee 78 
ALhestermitess2by... WH: Smyder_=_s- =. = 22a pa eee 85 
Grasshoppers, Katydids, walkingsticks, and related forms. By N. D. 
Way Sarna eee at eee ie sh is Sere enn ea 94 
Sucking insects. By W. 1: Baker, P. Ww. ‘Oman, and T. J. Parr_________ 105 
The beetles. By F. C. Craighead, Lee E. Yeager, J. N. Knull, H. J. 
Machloney.<M.W. Blackman, and R. A. St. George __-=2 3 mS 
Burtertiies and moths. By J. V. Schaftner, Jr. _._______—- Pea 343 
TUTE = TBS el RE RY VAC 0) ys le pe ge 505 
EbyMmenoOplierays= == = 2 2 oe eae ae 541 
The. sawflies and horntails. By J. V. Schaffner, Jr., and William 
TT GLGUNG 70) riseseet ss ee Site ere ee ee ee a 542 
Bees, wasps, ants, and parasites. By P. B. Dowden________-__-__ 591 
IL ANE@ TENTS: CI EY 0 a eae ee a ee eee 637 
VSG OSE a a Se a ecg Bf peed RO en 699 
*Submitted for publication February 9, 1948. 
