Vs MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
INTRODUCTION 
This publication is a companion volume to Miscellaneous Publica- 
tion 273, “Insect Enemies of Western Forests,” by Keen (262).° Its 
purpose is to treat in a practical manner the more important forest 
insects of that part of the United States lying east of the Great Plains 
or treeless areas, roughly the 100th meridian. There is necessarily 
some overlapping of the eastern and western regions, particularly in 
the more arid parts of Texas and the Southwest “and along the water- 
courses traversing the Great Plains where the eastern hardwoods ex- 
tend westward. 
In the publication on the western insects, emphasis is placed on 
bark beetle control, for in the western forests there still remain great 
reserves of overmature timber, which are subject to enormous bark 
beetle losses. Naturally, bark beetles and measures for suppressing 
their outbreaks are of overshadowing importance in those areas. 
In the eastern part of the United States, where there are practically 
no reserves of mature timber, the forester has before him the matter of 
growing new forests. Here, the forest-insect problem is principally 
the prevention of outbreaks. Therefore in this volume considerable 
emphasis is placed on the possibilities of so adjusting silvicultural 
practices as to avoid losses, as well as on direct control. Also, in the 
eastern forests there exists a preponderance of deciduous or hard- 
wood species, which are more subject to attack by insects during log- 
ging and manufacturing operations, and even after being placed in 
use, than are the conifers. The protection of logs, lumber, and crude 
and finished forest products is consequently a more important phase 
of forest entomology in the East. 
Again, in the East there is a much greater variety of forest trees 
infested by a much greater number of insect species than in the West. 
This fact has caused more specialization among the workers in forest 
insects and, in turn, a greater number of contr ibutors to the manual.2 
It has been found more practical, therefore, to treat the general text 
systematically than to treat it by type of injury, as was ‘done in the 
western manual. For the convenience of those not familiar with the 
systematic grouping of insects, however, practical keys based on type 
of injury and more obvious characters are also given. 
In some places where the text of Miscellaneous Publication 273 
(Keen, 262) is equally applicable to eastern conditions, it is utilized 
verbatim or with minor adaptations. 
* Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, pp. 637-658, 
* See Authorship, p. 1. 
