20 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S: DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
as the bronze birch borer in birch, the hemlock borer m hemlock, and 
bark beetles in pine. Either the thinning should be less drastic or the 
entire stand should be removed. This “subject was covered in 1933 
by Hall (207). 
TURPENTINING 
The woods practices of a decade ago in the naval stores industry 
in the South resulted in extravagant losses from dry facing and wind- 
throw. Such a high percentage of the stand was blown down that 
turpentining frequently had to be abandoned. This was in a large 
measure the result of the weakening of the main stem of the boxed 
pines by mines of the turpentine borer in the heartwood. This insect 
gained entrance through exposed wood on the turpentined faces. Such 
loss is almost entir ely preventable through the adoption of better prac- 
tices designed to increase the ultimate yield of gum and greatly to 
prolong the period of operation on a given area. The work of this 
borer has been discussed by Beal (25). 
CHOICE OF SITE 
Northern white pine, a most desirable and fast-growing tree, has 
been more extensively used for replanting in the New England States 
and New York than any other species and has also reseeded naturally 
on much abandoned farm land. With the enormous increases in the 
acreage of susceptible material, the white-pine weevil has become a 
serious menace. Recent study of the problem indicates that if planta- 
tions are confined to the better sites, the trees spaced not more than 
6 by 6 feet apart, or managed groupwise in a mixture with hardwoods, 
a profitable crop can be obtained. Even in the pure stands or planta- 
tions that have been very severely injured, if the spacing is no more 
than 6 by 6 feet, it is possible to carry out certain reclamation practices 
that will insure a good yield where otherwise there would be a total 
loss. Cline and MacAloney (95,.96) and MacAloney (278, 279) have 
published information on this weevil. 
It is apparent that there are great possibilities for avoiding insect 
damage as forest management becomes more intensive in our eastern 
forests. Fortunately, in most places, measures for avoiding insect 
damage will be found to fit in well with silvicultural practices for 
producing the crop best adapted to those areas or sites. 
INSECTS ATTACKING SHADE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES 
The care and treatment of shade and ornamental trees has developed 
so rapidly in recent years that it has resulted in a specialized commer- 
cial field. In many localities reliable commercial concerns will care 
for and spray, or otherwise treat, affected trees. Many of the States 
have specialists in this field, and numerous bulletins covering the 
subject are available. For present purposes only a brief résumé is 
necessary, and readers desiring more complete information are re- 
ferred to the following sources: Kotinsky (269), De Gryse (1/28), 
Felt and Rankin (755), Herrick (223), Houser (239), Felt (147), 
and Pirone (353). 
Proper selection, planting, and general care of ornamental trees 
are generally the best guarantee against damage by insects. The 
importance of selecting the most suitable species of trees for certain 
