INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS Qi 
Timber Beetles 
Several species of insects representing different orders have a com- 
mon habit of attacking wounds or catfaces on living trees and, from 
this point of access, riddling the sapwood and heartwood for con- 
siderable distances. Such injuries are caused by the chestnut and the 
oak timberworms. Also certain ambrosia beetles attack directly 
through the bark. Control of these borers is difficult. It is good 
practice to remove brood trees and to prevent fires or other causes of 
lesions. Under exceptional conditions, as for individual trees, fumi- 
gating sprays would be practical and effective. 
Pitch Moths 
Pitch moths reinfest the same trees year after year, and it is from 
these trees that most of the moths are produced. The cutting during 
the winter of these heavily infested brood trees, which are fr equently 
deformed or broken, may reduce an infestation. ‘Trees not over 7 or 8 
inches in diameter will dry out sufficiently by early summer, if cut and 
left in the open, to prevent the maturing of the small overwintered 
larvae. When the insects are in individual trees of high value the 
larvae may be cut out with a knife at the time the pitch masses appear 
on the bark late in the spring. No effective sprays are known. 
Borers in Wounds and Callouses 
There are several species of borers that attack the heartwood of 
living trees, gradually extending their mines until there is nothing left 
but a shell of sapwood. The attack starts from points of injury, “such 
as fire scars or wounds exposing the wood surface. Parandra and 
Malladon in hardwoods and Buprestis apricans in pine are the most 
destructive borers of this type and cause much wind breakage of orna- 
mental trees. In the forest, this injury results in defective butt logs. 
Prevention of fire scars or other wounds which expose the wood will 
prevent infestation. All wounds on ornamental trees should be painted 
or covered with a waterproof dressing until they are healed. Tree 
surgery must be relied upon in adv anced cases of damage to valuable 
trees. 
The borers that live in the callouses of wounds and thus prevent heal- 
ing are difficult to control by any other means than cutting them out or 
by covering the wound edges with a protective coating to prevent 
oviposition. 
INSECTS IN NURSERIES AND YOUNG PLANTATIONS 
The control of many of the insects injurious to seedlings and young 
trees in plantations, such as the common sucking insects and defolia- 
tors, can be obtained through the application of insecticides as recom- 
mended on pp. 51-57. On the other hand, certain kinds of insects re- 
quire specialized control methods. This is particularly true with those 
that live in the soil, as cutworms, wireworms, white grubs, and leaf- 
cutting ants, which find conditions favorable for development accom- 
panying the specialized practices in forest nurseries. In both nurseries 
