30 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
From this viewpoint, the problem of control becomes one of deter- 
mining the injurious species of grubs, and for each, its distribution, 
food choices in the adult and larval stages, the ovipositing habits of the 
temales, and the distance that females, may fly to oviposit. The jack 
pine areas of the Huron National Forest, especially those relatively 
free of hardwood brush, invariably show light grub injury, whereas 
seedbed underplanting on the oak-aspen_ sites. oenerally shows a loss of 
from 10 to 20 percent because of grub injury. Luginbill (277) in 1938 
cliscussed the control of white erubs and Travis and Decker (473) in 
1933, the control of adults. 
Seed-Corn Maggot 
The seed-corn maggot (Hylemyia cilicrura (Rond.)) furnishes 
another instance in which an agricultural crop insect has become a 
pest of forest nurseries. The maggots attack and devour, or tunnel 
into, the underground stem of seedling red cedars during spring and 
early summer, causing the plants to wilt and die. The flies prefer 
to oviposit in soil rich in organic matter; consequently injury is 
usually most severe in such soils. Since the flies are attracted to 
decaying organic material, it appears advisable to avoid the use of 
organic fertilizers in seedbeds. Completely covering the beds on all 
sides with cheesecloth or other suitable material during the spring 
when the flies are ovipositing should aid in preventing an attack. 
The larvae feed near the surface, and indications are that they can 
be controlled im seedbeds with 50-percent miscible carbon disulfide, as 
recommended for use in the control of white grubs. 
Termites 
In regions where termites are common, nursery soil should be kept 
free of all decaying wood and of as much other organic matter as 
possible, since such material harbors termite colonies. Where termites 
are known to occur in large numbers, it is advisable to clean up any 
debris, such as wood, stalks, or stubble, let the land lie idle for a year, 
and thereafter use only well-rotted manure, or preferably commercial 
fertilizers, to stimulate tree growth. Where these protective meas- 
ures cannot be undertaken, treatment of the soil with heavy dosages 
of carbon disulfide prior to seeding, although costly, can probably be 
relied upon to free the area of termites. Where trees are growing in 
an infested block, considerable precaution in treating is necessary so 
as not to injure the trees. 
The use of carbon disulfide emulsion as suggested for the control 
of white grubs would probably also be effective against termites. 
Paradichlorobenzene erystals worked into the soil to a depth of 3 to 
4 inches with a hoe or other implement, at the rate of 314 pounds per 
100 square feet, has given indications of good control against root- 
feeding termites. Care should be taken to keep the crystals at least 
2 inches from the seedlings. 
In recent experiments i percent of DDT, either in the form of a 
wettable powder or an emulsion, has given effective control in seedbeds. 
Wireworms 
Wireworms are likely to be numerous in soil that has been in sod 
for several years, and may occasionally cause some damage in nurseries 
