10. 
INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 
INSECTS ATTACKING SEEDS, CONES, AND FRUITS 
Larvae without well-developed head capsule; relatively inactive; 
maggotlike: 
With a sclerotized structure like a breastbone near anterior end; 
in seeds of fir, cypress, birch, and also fruit of chokecherry 
Diptera, Cecidomyiidae 
Without breastbone; mouth parts well developed; in pomaceous 
fruits, cherry, apple, plum, hawthorn; also berries of dog- 
wood, holly, and others; and also walnut husks 
Diptera, Trypetidae 
lanvacuwiihedistinct head capsule: = s= 02 mss ee a5 ue eed 
Larvae rather active; body extended; abdominal prolegs present___ 
Larvae relatively inactive; no abdominal prolegs; body curved____ 
In the shucks of pecans, hickories, and walnuts and in acorns 
Lepidoptera, Blastobasidae, Olethreutidae 
In the Gones of conifers.___-..__._.--- Lepidoptera, Phycitidae 
In the fruits of wild cranberries and blueberries 
Lepidoptera, Phycitidae 
In acorns, waJnuts, chestnuts, hickory nuts, and filberts_______ om 
implesummous*seedsme= 9 282 5222 ee Coleoptera, Bruchidae 
nec Omes Ory COMMPENOUS UTCCS ix 0 eG) ao Beh ee eet 9 a ea 
First abdominal spiracle vestigial; body spindle-shaped 
Hymenoptera, Cynipidae 
First abdominal spiracle normal; body curved, like a closed finger 
Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculio 
Cones not developing normally and dropping prematurely 
Coleoptera, Scolytidae, Conopthorus 
Cones maturing; damage to seeds alone 
ha EVaer CP less mts: oe ee Hymenoptera, Chalcididae 
Larvae -withitrueslegs: 2.2... 28-455. Coleoptera, Anobiidae 
INSECTS ATTACKING SEEDLINGS AND SMALL REPRODUCTION 
Plants cut off near ground line or stems lacerated and shriveled ___- 
Plants wilting or fading, easily plucked from ground because of 
sevieredcstem or-roots below ground2.20- 4 222242. S25 28s 222 
Callcitke:swellimes on ether stems. 22" 2 a2. = Past sl ee ee 
Bark gnawed in patches along the stem of conifers_____-______-__-- 
Foliage off color, yellowish or rusty, and often covered with very fine 
cobweblike threads or matting___________- Red spiders, Acarina 
Roots showing small cottony or globular objects at time of trans- 
JO lasadsin pate ee eee ee a Root aphids, Homoptera, Aphidae 
Leaves or cotyledons cut off and carried away; Southern States 
Ants, Hymenoptera, Formicidae 
Other, types of damage. See Division B. 
Small,-tender plants: 
Small, maggotlike larvae causing injury 
Seedcorn maggot, Diptera, Muscidae 
Large, smooth, dark-colored caterpillars present 
Cutworms, Lepidoptera Phalaenidae 
Larger plants, hardwoods, with woody part tunneled: 
summels longitudinal-__.2=_2 === — Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
Tunnels across the grain, wood stained 
Coleoptera, Scolytidae, Corthylus 
Tunnels irregular, chiefly underground. Termites, Isoptera 
Curved, grublike larvae in the soil 
White grubs, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae 
Elongate, cylindrical, hard-shelled larvae 
Wireworms, Coleoptera, Elateridae 
Small, molelike tunnels near the surface of the soil or 
deeper s=ca5--= Mole crickets, Orthoptera, Gryllotalpinae 
Bark swollen and gnarled at or just below ground line_____------- 
Lesser cornstalk borer, 
Lepidoptera, Phycitidae, Elasmopalpus 
Soubhernt*otates= 2 --__ =. Treehoppers, Homoptera, Fulgoridae 
Northern States___ Mount-building ant, Hymenoptera, Formicidae 
71 
H= CO bo 
10 
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