10. 
Ze 
13. 
14. 
15. 
INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 
TWIG PRUNING AND OTHER INJURY 
Injured portion hollowed or mined; injury caused by larvae or bark 
beetlesawhichvaresusually, present: 2225 2.5 2 See 
Injury caused by external feeding or ovipositing, which removes a 
portion of the bark or causes a definite mechanical injury or a 
RES iMMl TA Ge Ges Cals 22 ys Ree oe ee ns eg eg ee a 
Cottony masses on tips of twigs concealing the insects; conifers 
Coccidae 
Chermidae 
Injury on two or more whorls of the terminal of conifers; inactive, 
curved larvae under bark or in pupal cells in wood 
Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Pissodes 
Twigs or branches of hardwoods or conifers containing bark beetles 
or powder-post beetles or a cylindrical shotlike hole, usually 
darkly stained, directly entering injured portion 
Coleoptera, Scolytidae, Bostrichidae 
Homoptera} 
HGran Ita VOU CR WASCarre eects 5 tans ls SS ae ee eee ene 
ARwigs:nocaimined below, fading Portion. 22222522 ke ee 
Twigs mined far below fading portion, tunnel often extending to the 
FATHOM AV [spent gene go = Ay yp We a Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
( COTTE a ae Sn cage Pe ne epee OE PERC eR yr ett t 
Larvae with prolegs; often pitch masses at point of injury 
Tip moths, Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae, Petrova 
Larvae without conspicuous prolegs; usually a spine on last seg- 
RNC Ui pamekn se eae Peer er 2 Sawflies, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae 
Larvae with well-developed prolegs; usually colored; usually in more 
tender parts of twigs 
Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae, Nepticulidae, Aegeriidae, Cossidae 
Larvae otherwise; in woody portions of twigs____--_.-_.__---_---- 
Elongate, flat larvae; mines filled 
Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Agrilus 
Cylindrical larvae; mines open________- Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
Obvious sear and pitching of wood at base of injury or along twigs; 
conifers: 
Scale bodies present on twig 
Homoptera, Coccidae, Matsucoccus 
Scale bodies absent 
Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Monochamus 
Numerous phloem scars on twigs; spittle masses may or may 
not be present_-_____ Spittle bugs, Homoptera, Cercopidae 
(Hail injury is similar except that the scars are always on top 
side of branch) 
Twigs slit with a lacerated wound at base of injury or at point of 
lpnemkam owes = 25s soe e sts Cicada, tree hoppers, tree crickets 
Cicadidae 
Homoptera Membracidae 
Orthoptera, Gryllidae 
BORERS IN WOOD AND BARK 
Borers in the phloem and outer corky bark of living trees rarely 
BeAr eet CR WOO meme oe ae Moe se ee ee eee 
Borers in callous tissue around wounds 
On various hardwoods 
Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Conotrachelus 
On maples ; 
Maple callous borer, Lepidoptera, Aegeridae, Conopia 
On conifers an 
Clear-wing moths, Lepidoptera, Aegeridae, P. pint 
Phycitidae, D. zemmermant 
Borers in the dead wood beneath fire scars, turpentined faces, 
blazes, cavities, and such wounds_--..--__------------------- 
Borers (larvae) under the bark or in the wood (other than beneath 
scans orcatiaces) of living trees__-.2--=--—--__--= -=-=_-—__-= 
Bark beetles associated with their larvae under the bark ; 
Coleoptera, Scolytidae 
Rootsoorers or mining at base of tree.-_..--.=--2_---=-=-4_=-—- 
73 
14 
ct 
12 
13 
16 
