74 
16. 
17. 
18. 
119: 
20. 
21. 
22. 
bo 
wo 
24. 
MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
BORERS IN WOOD AND BARK—Continued 
White, unpigmented larvae______-__--__ Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
Highly pigmented larvae__________-_ Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae 
Serpentine mines just under the epidermis of chestnut and oak 
Lepidoptera, Nepiculidae 
Ambrosia beetles (pinhole borers); wood stained around holes 
Coleoptera, Scolytidae, Platypodidae 
White fleshy cylindrical larvae in hardwoods 
Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Brentidae 
White fleshy flat-headed larvae in turpentined faces in fire scars 
Onuconiters: aoe meee ee ene Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Buprestis 
Larvae with heavy chitinous armature on last segment; chestnut, 
Oaks, maple ewes aye Coleoptera, Melittomma, Strongylium 
Larval mines extended under the bark and also deep into the wood 
in Jater stages! sas. 5 Syrah Na ee ee ee eee 
Larval mines entirely under the bark or only in wood of current 
Pa aNy bey lng oy eee enn et ai le ee Nee ae a 
Pitch exuding from larval mines; larvae w vith prolegs present; 
COMMRET SL. esrein ase ae Aare cea eae Pitch moths, Lepidoptera 
No pitch, but often water-andjirass exuding — 9s 30 as 2a ae 
Head oflarvae globular protubberantoe ee =e yes ee eee 
Head of larvae somewhat flattened and embedded in prothorax 
Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
Prolegs absent; last segment often heavily armed 
Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae 
Prolegs absent; larvae curved, grublike; in willow, poplar, and 
| OL MUO GST EHO Vea Am eum eet ey Ane cceahi ny Coys ae reba LS Coleoptera, Curculionidae 
Prolegs present; last segment not heavily armed 
Lepidoptera, Hepialidae, Aegeriidae 
Larvae depressed, flat-headed or pestle-shaped 
Coleoptera, Buprestidae 
Larvae curved. grublike: 22222222 Sel - Coleoptera, Curculionidae 
Larvae slender; thoracic segments not noticeably enlarged; causing 
pitch flecks in wood, birch ete..252- 225. Diptera, Agromyzidae 
Larvae with prolegs; poplar, willow, alder, ash, persimmon 
Lepidoptera, Hepialidae, Aegeriidae 
Larvae without prolegs 
faa rdiwoo digas set cr cece ee Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
In conifers; associated with pitch mass 
Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytidae (D. valens) 
GALLS #8 
Galis of more or less open, exposed, simple structure, or when en- 
closed the insects maintain permanent openings or the gall is 
dehiscent to permit the escape of the numerous insects inhabiting 
GREW «025i es Sk REE a oe began meee eeepc Te a eee an 
Gall usually completely enclosing the inhabitant; one or rarely sev- 
eral insects to a cavity; occasionally a permanent opening is main- 
tained by*the- feeding Marvels 5 a Ta ape ee een 
Mites present having 2 pairs of legs; galls of various shapes but 
always provided with an opening to the exterior and lined on the 
inside with hainy7on Lug ya ChOwU lS ee oe ene eee __Acarina 
Gallscotherwise 2222 2e al aie eee ee oe aye ee 
Ibaysexoufsiuarornn auger lstoyeahovedyoyive a ee ee ee 
Insects with hind legs developed for jumping 
Homoptera, Psyllidae 
Leaf galls on hardwoods, chiefly elm, poplar, hickory, ash, sumac, 
and iwatchinaizel= 2, some ae = 2 ie neler eee Homoptera, Aphidae 
Conelike galls on tips of spruce twigs_..___._... Homoptera, Adelges 
Pitlike Salle on twigs of hard pines_____-_-_ Homoptera, Matsucoccus 
Pitlike galls on twigs of white oak____-_ Homoptera, Asterolecanium 
26 
13 Tt seems impossible to devise a key that will separate all the varied types of 
galls into family or order groups. 
On the other hand many groups are fairly true 
to type, and if considered with the larvae or other stages of the insect inhabiting 
them, it is possible to make a fairly workable distinction. 
