28. 
29. 
30 
dl. 
32. 
30. 
34. 
14 The sucking insects 
occurs in other parts of the key as they appear as gall m 
This seems advisable as these insects are easily recognized as a group 
Larvae legless or with only minute legs 
Legs well developed, also prolegs present 
. Woody galls containing plain evidences of mining activity of the 
INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 
GALLS Continued 
Galls inhabited by larvae with a well-developed head capsule____ 
Larvae without well-developed head capsule, maggotlike; white to 
yellowish or reddish in color: ; 
Larvae with a distinct structure like a breastbone near 
PMOICSTIONME Maye rie cea eee ae oe ee ee Diptera, Cecidomyiidae 
Larvae without breastbone; mouth parts well developed 
Diptera, Agromyzidae 
larvae; larvae with a well-developed head capsule and mandibles 
Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae 
Larval mines not obvious; white larvae, curved or grublike in form, 
legless, and with distinct head capsule, each contained in a 
specialized cellae- 345-2 > Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Chalcidae 
©) ratawalllll Oe oe a ee uae Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae 
On Jocust; poplar, maple. — 222... 2. 4— Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae 
SUCKING INSECTS 
nrc oOrmimsectszpresent on leaves +6220 .0-2 2.54 ao eo soe ae 
Injunysprmarily comtimed to twigs.-2222%.2....22 2 2245.28. 
Injury primarily confined to branches and main stem____-------- 
Leaves off color, yellowish or spotted from feeding punctures of 
active, jumping insects: 
Leafhoppers, Homoptera, Cicadellidae 
Lacewing bugs, Hemiptera, Tingitidae 
Leaves bearing galls or abnormal spots: 
On hackberry, infested with jumping lice 
Homoptera, Psyllidae 
On elm, poplar, willow, witchhazel, hickory, oak, chestnut, 
etc., infested with plant lice 
Homoptera, Aphidae; Homoptera, Phylloxeridae 
On conifers infested with adelgids 
Homoptera, Phylloxeridae 
Exposed insects on the leaves: 
Sealelike, gall-like, or soft grublike insects covered with wax 
in the form of powder or tufts 
Scale insects, Homoptera, Coccidae 
Fringed scalelike immature forms associated on the leaves 
with white 4-winged flies 
Whiteflies, Homoptera, Aleyrodidae 
Injury consisting of gall-like or gouty swellings on limbs and twigs 
Otetimaes eer oe aS Fir bark louse, Homoptera, Phylloxeridae 
Tips of hard pines flagged (needles yellowing); scales embedded in 
pitstimebark.—~._..____-._._. Homoptera, Coccidae, Matsucoccus 
Branches and twigs infested with scalelike, gall-like, or soft-bodied 
insects covered with waxy powder or tufts; twigs often dying 
Homoptera, Coccidae 
Tips of branches swollen forming pineapplelike galls; conifers 
omoptera, Phylloxeridae, Adelges 
Tips of new growth withering, infested with numerous soft-bodied 
insects with prominent antennae Aphids, Homoptera, Aphidae 
29 
30 
ol 
are treated here as a group and some repetition of habits 
akers, twig killers, ete. 
by their 
mouth structure, and it is therefore convenient to turn immediately to this section 
of the key. 
