INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 143 
on the bark of twigs and produces both shallow and deep pits. It feeds 
on holly (lew vomitoria Ait. and I opaca Ait.) and on Bumelia sp., and 
is found from Delaware and Maryland south to Alabama and Flor- 
ida. The species A. guercicola (Bouché) occurs in the Eastern States, 
from New York to North Carolina, and feeds on the following oaks: 
White, swamp white, red, chestnut, English, and Quercus robur pe- 
dunculata A. DC. It feeds in pits in the barks of twigs, branches 
and trunks of trees, and may be a serious pest, causing death of twigs, 
branches, and sometimes entire trees. This species has been confused 
in the literature with A. variolosum. 
The pit-making oak scale (Asterolecanium variolosum (Ratz.)) is 
found wherever its hosts occur in this country. It is known to attack 
English, chestnut, and white oaks. Other oaks probably attacked are 
bear, swamp white, holm, bur, red, and scarlet. This species may be 
distributed on nursery stock, and many countries now are quarantined 
to prevent the introduction of infested plants. Injury to oaks is 
caused by the production of galls or swellings while the scale is feeding. 
Heavily infested reproduction may be killed, and when heavy infesta- 
tions are followed by drought even mature trees may be seriously 
injured or killed. Injury to chestnut oak, the species most susceptible 
to severe scale attack, is characterized by the dying of branches, or 
even entire tops of trees (Parr. 330, pp. 61-08, 332, pp. 1-49). 
Asterolecanium variolosum has a single generation annually. It 
passes the winter as mature or nearly mature insects, and in the North- 
eastern States the larvae hatch late in June and in July. 
Since chestnut oak is a highly favored host, some control in forests 
may be brought about by eliminating that species and encouraging 
less favored hosts. In nurseries and on ornamentals, artificial control 
is possible through the use of a contact insecticide (p. 52). In heavy 
infestations some natural control may be effected by the feeding of 
birds, particularly the chickadee, and by a hymenopterous parasite, 
Habrolepis dalmani Westw. 
The English ivy seale ( Asterolecanium arabidis (Sign.)) has been 
reported on green ash and on privet, in addition to English ivy and 
several species of herbaceous vegetation. It is found from Massa- 
chusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, but 
probably is of little importance. 
The oleander scale (Asterolecanium pustulans (Ckll.)) has been 
reported on Acacia spp., the marmalade tree, magnolia, mulberry, and 
many other trees. This scale may be very destructive on the trees it 
attacks. 
Control measures for these scales are discussed on page 36. 
Famitry COCCIDAE 
The bodies of adult female coccids are either bare or encased in waxy 
or cottony secretions. 
The maple leaf scale (Pulvinaria acericola Walsh and Riley) may 
become numerous enough at times to cause early dropping of leaves 
and even the death of twigs and branches of its host trees, soft and 
sugar maples. It is found over most of the eastern half of the United 
States and southern Canada. The adult female is about 5 mm. long, 
3 to 4 mm. wide, and 1.5 mm. high. It is dark purple with a median 
brown stripe, and bears a long cottony egg sac at the posterior end. 
792440°—49—_10 
