INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS ILA 7 
are hazel, oak, basswood, birch, and others. The life cycle and feeding 
habits of the larvae are unknown. The adults are not strongly at- 
_ tracted by lights. ‘ 
Phyllophaga prunina (Lec.) is a species found from western Mich- 
igan south to Mississippi, apparently a Mississippi Valley form, and 
more abundant in its southern than northern range. It is common 
along Lake Michigan in lower Michigan, but scarce elsewhere in the 
Lake States. It is purplish and pruinose, and about 18 mm. long. 
Adults feed on oaks, hazel, sassafras, pecan, hawthorn, and other hard- 
woods. This is an unimportant species, partly because of its small 
numbers. Nothing is known of the food habits of the larvae. 
Phyllophaga rugosa (Melsh.) occupies a rather large area, Massa- 
chusetts to North Carolina, west to Texas, and north to Colorado and 
Minnesota. The species is about 22 mm. long and uniformly dark 
brown. It has been observed more in sod lands adjacent to hardwood 
stands than in forested areas, but in Minnesota and probably elsewhere 
large populations are known to occur in the aspen-white birch type. 
The adults feed on a large number of hardwoods. At Cass Lake, Minn., 
the larvae were very destructive to red pine and white pine seedlings 
under experimental conditions. This is the most destructive species 
occurring in the extensive conifer nurseries at Cass Lake. | 
Phyllophaga luctuosa (Horn) is an Atlantic and Gulf coast species, 
and is confined to the sandy oak-pine regions in its range. The adults 
are uniformly dark brown, with shining wing covers, and are about 21 
mm. long. This is one of the few species known to feed on pine leaves, 
of which loblolly and longleaf pines are preferred, but hardwood 
leaves represent the most important food supply. The species has been 
collected from several kinds of oaks, black gum, pecan, hickory, and 
about a dozen other hardwoods. The life cycle covers 2 or 3 years. 
The eggs are laid in spring and summer. The first winter is spent in 
the second and third instars. In late summer of the second year about 
75 percent of the larvae pupate and in 2 or 3 weeks reach the adult 
stage. These pass the second winter as adult beetles. The remaining 
25 percent pass the second winter as third instars, pupate in the fol- 
lowing late summer and fall, and pass the third winter as adults. 
Emergence is in the spring for both classes. Thus, about three-fourths 
of a given brood requires 2, and one-fourth 3, full years to complete 
the life cycle. The females are prolific, as caged beetles averaged 90 
eggs each, and they may produce more. The larvae are known to be 
destructive to nursery stock and probably to seedlings planted else- 
where. 
Phyllophaga forstevi (Burm.) is found from New York to South 
Carolina and Mississippi and west to Iowa. This is a medium-brown, 
shining species, about 16 mm. long, with a dusky head. Adult food 
plants are oaks of several species, hickory, pecan, persimmon, and oth- 
ers. The life cycle is very similar to that of P. ductuosa so far as study 
has shown. The larvae have proved destructive to nursery stock and 
would probably be injurious in plantations. vo, 5 
Phyllophaga bipartita (Horn) ranges from Towa to Mississippi and 
west as far as Texas and Nebraska. It is a uniformly deep-brown, 
somewhat shining species, about 17 mm. long and apparently more of a 
prairie than a forest insect. Its distribution seems to be general rather 
than locally concentrated. Recorded adult food plants are oak, pecan, 
