182 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
concentrations. Certainly on the basis of present knowledge they can- 
not be classed as very destructive grubs, except possibly “when there 
are very large numbers in nurseries. Ordinarily, the species appears 
to be widely scattered, and largely confined to sandy or loamy, often 
brushy or pastur ed, areas. 
The life cycle is from 2 to 3 years in duration. Eggs are laid early in 
the summer. The pupae are encased in loose, thin, papery skins, which 
split at the time of emergence. 
The most common species of the genus Polymoechus Lec., P. bre- 
vipes Les., is widely scattered through the eastern half of the United 
States. The beetle is convex, blunt, dark chestnut brown to piceous, 
and about 16 mm. long. The food of the adults is unknown, but the 
larvae occur most commonly in decayed hardwood stumps, roots, and 
logs. They have been found in the decaying wood of chestnut tele- 
graph poles, and also under manure in sandy soil. The life cycle 
and economic status have been little studied. 
SUBFAMILY DYNASTINAB 
The Dynastinae are convex, medium-sized to very large beetles with 
the labrum usually invisible. In all genera except for some males of 
Ochrosidia, the tarsal claws are equal, and except for this same genus, 
the head or pronotum, often both, is armed with horns or tubercles. 
Practically all the Dynastinae are nocturnal, spending the daylight 
hours under bark, duff, or similar material. The adults of some spe- 
cies feed on leaves, but the food habits of many others are unknown. 
In the genus Ochrosidia Csy., two species, O. villosa (Burm.) and 
O. immaculata (Oliv.), have rather wide distribution in the Atlantic, 
Southern, and Central States. A few other species occur in the same 
area. They are pale to brownish-yellow, somewhat hairy beetles, about 
14mm. long, with head and thorax unarmed in both sexes. The adults. 
probably most abundant in June or July, are nocturnal, and are at- 
tracted by lights. Their food habits are not well known, but they are 
probably defohators. The larvae occur mostly in fields, but they have 
been taken from decayed logs and stumps, pastures, manure, and other 
habitats, and are injurious to grain, lawns, pastures, manure, and other 
stock. They possibly rank next to Ph yllophaga in destructiveness. 
The life cycle is 1 year in duration. Eggs are laid in soil and hatch 
after 9 to 25 days, and the partly grown larvae pass the winter in 
hibernation. Pupation occurs by the middle of June in most localities 
and lasts from 1 to 3 weeks. The species is often abundant in Illinois 
and adjacent States. 
The genus Ligyrus Burm. is represented by a number of species in 
the Eastern States. The most important is the carrot beetle (Z. 
gibbosus ( Deg.) ). A convex, robust species, it is reddish to dark brown 
above, and paler beneath. Adults are about 14 mm. long. Other 
species are more or less similar inappearance. L. gibbosus hasa 1-year 
life cycle. In Illinois and adjacent States the adults emerge in the 
spring, and oviposit mostly in fields, but sometimes in decaying vege- 
tation and well-rotted manure. Hatching requires 1 to 3 weeks, and 
the larvae grow rapidly. Pupation occurs late in summer; the adults 
are nocturnal and are attracted by lights. 
At least four species of the genus Ligyrodes Csy. occur in the East- 
ern, Southern, and Central States. One, L. relictus (Say), is known 
