INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 183 
from New York to Nebraska, and undoubtedly is found elsewhere. 
The adults, though larger, are somewhat similar to Ligyrus, being 
convex, shiny, and very dark brown. Almost nothing is known re- 
garding the feeding habits of the adults. The larvae occur chiefly in 
soil under manure, but occasionally in decaying vegetation. It is 
probable that neither adults nor larvae are injurious to forests or other 
vegetation. 
L. relictus is the only native lamellicorn herein discussed that may 
produce, in the latitude of Kansas, two generations per year. The 
beetles appear above ground in April or May for the spring flight, 
returning to the soil each day, where mating takes place. They dis- 
appear for a short time in June and July, and the new brood appears 
in July and August for a second period of flight. Both adults and 
larvae feed on the roots of carrots and other crops, but in addition 
the beetles are also said to feed on leaves. The larvae are considered as 
possible, though probably unimportant, nursery pests. 
Very little is known in regard to the dozen or more species of 
A phonus found in the region under consideration. In the Lake States, 
A. tridentatus (Say) is the most common; in New York, A. castaneus 
(Melsh.) is apparently the dominant form. The former is a shining, 
piceous-brown insect, dark reddish brown below, and about 15 mm. 
long. In Michigan it appears to be closely associated with New 
Jersey tea (Ceanothus sp.), as neither adults nor larvae have been 
collected by digging at a distance greater than a few feet from this 
plant. Extensive tests failed to identify the food of either adults 
or larvae, but it appears certain that neither form is injurious in 
forests or nurseries. 
The three or four species of Yyloryctes occurring in the Eastern, 
Southern, and Central States are large, ranging up to about 28 mm. 
None of the forms are well known, the most common probably being 
AX. satyrus (F.). This beetle is robust, shining, dark chestnut to 
piceous brown above and paler below, due to the thick clothing of 
reddish hairs. The male has a curved horn arising from the middle 
of the head, the female a tubercle on the same area. ‘The species ap- 
pears to be scarce over most of its range, but is found most frequently 
in hardwood stands, especially the more southern ones, and the larvae 
are said to occur here in the humus layer. It has been questionably 
reported that they injure ash trees by feeding on the roots, and also 
that the adults are usually found in the vicinity of ash trees. The 
feeding habits of none of the stages are definitely known. 
To the genus Vynastes Kby. belong the largest of known beetles, 
either American or foreign. They are almost exclusively inhabitants 
of decayed hardwood stumps and logs. In the eastern part of the 
United States, D. tétyus (.), appropriately called the rhinoceros 
beetle, is the only known species. It occurs from New York and 
Indiana south to the Gulf. The males reach a total length of 55 to 
60 mm.; the females are 5 to 10 mm. shorter. They are greenish gray 
or brown all over, or a combination of these colors. Males have two 
prominent horns in an over-and-under arrangement. The adults are 
said to feed on leaves, but if they do, they cause little or no damage. 
Larvae feed on decayed wood and are more beneficial than other- 
wise, although they enlarge the cavities in the bases of shade trees. 
Both male and female beetles have been taken at lights during the 
spring and summer. 
