194 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
tend less to the formation of ridges. The dorsal plate is marked with 
a V or U, rather than a Y. 
The distribution and seasonal history are about the same as for the 
preceding species, but this species feeds in hardwoods, principally 
sycamore, maple, tulip, beech, and linden. Blazes and wounds on 
shade trees are frequently attacked, and much of the heartwood beneath 
is riddled. The adults mature in the fall and pass the winter in their 
pupal cells. 
The adult of the flatheaded apple tree borer (Chrysobothris fem- 
orata (Oliv.)) is an elongate-oval, flattened, shining beetle, dark 
bronze above and bright brassy beneath. The upper surface is in- 
distinctly marked with spots or irregular impressions. The larva is 
of the characteristic flatheaded form, having the dorsal and ventral 
prothoracic plates beset with fine rugosities, the dorsal plate marked 
with an inverted V and the ventral with a groove extending backward 
from the anterior margin. This beetle is ‘distributed thr oughout the 
Eastern and Central States and occurs in practically all hardwoods. 
The first beetles appear late in the spring and others follow through- 
out the summer. They are nervous, active insects making a buzzing 
sound when flying. The eggs are laid beneath scales of bark, from 
which points the larvae extend their meandering galleries. When 
they reach full growth, the larvae extend their burrows a short length 
into the wood to make the pupal cells. They mature in one season, 
overwinter in the pupal cell, and transform in the spring. 
Chrysobothris femorata 1s very injurious to weakened or injured 
hardwoods, such as transplanted trees and those subjected to defolia- 
tion, drought, sunscald, frost injury, or almost any factor that some- 
what lowers the vitality of the tree. The larvae boring beneath the 
bark girdle the tree, thus causing its untimely death. Fr equently, when 
they do not kill the tree, the mines produce deadening of large 
patches of bark which later peel off. Tr: ansplanted ornamental trees 
are frequently damaged or killed by this insect, and even forest plant- 
ings are at times considerably damaged. Fire injuries at the bases 
of trees are frequently infested. About the only satisfactory methods 
of control are to stimulate the tree with fertilizers or watering to make 
it more resistant, or use mechanical barriers, such as paper or burlap, 
around the stems of transplanted trees, to prevent attack. Repellent 
sprays have been recommended but are not fully satisfactory. Burke 
(75) published an extended discussion of the species, and Johnson and 
Fenton (258) published an article on its control. 
The adult of the Australian-pine borer (Chrysobothris tranque- 
barica (Gmel.) ), also called the mangrove borer, is a greenish-bronze 
beetle, from 12 to 17 mm. in length, with two lighter -colored i impres- 
sions and one small basal impression on each ely tron, and also im- 
pressions on the thorax. The larva has the dorsal and ventral 
prothoracic plates covered with irregular fine pointlike asperities, the 
dorsal segment marked with an inverted V and the ventral with a 
longitudinal groove extending back three-fourths the distance from the 
anterior mar oin. 
The adults appear early in April, laying their eggs under irregu- 
larities of the bark. The young larvae bore through the bark and 
feed beneath it until fully grown, when they extend their larval mines 
into the wood to construct pupal cells late in the summer. This borer, 
