INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 195 
attacking living red mangrove and Casuarina trees, causes the death 
and destruction of many trees, especially Casuarina, or “Australian 
pine,” planted as ornamentals or for windbreaks in southern Florida. 
The only satisfactory method of control is to cut out and destroy 
the beetle-infested wood, whether single branches or entire trees, 
This should be done late in the fall and winter, certainly before the 
beetles emerge in the spring. It is possible that DDT sprays will 
control this species. 
Numbers of other species of Chrysobothris are common on slash. 
They are ('. pusdllus C. & G. in spruce and pine, C. dentipes (Germ. ) 
in pine and larch, C. floricola Gory in pine, C. harrisi (Gentz) in pine, 
C’. scabripennis C. & G. in pine and hemlock, and C. trinervia (Kby.) 
in pine. C. verdigripennis Frost breeds in wounds on living hemlock, 
C'. azurea Lec, in oak, C. concinnula Lec. in oak, C. chrysoela (L11.) in 
persimmon, and C. seasignata (Say) in hemlock, larch, ash, maple, 
oak, beech, birch, hickory, walnut, and the bark of living butternut. 
Licerca divaricata (Say) is an elongate, oval beetle, bronze above 
and bluish beneath, from 17 to 22 mm. in length. The prothorax is 
nearly twice as wide as long, and the tips of the elytra are forked at the 
apex, sometimes ending in short spines. The larva does not have any 
chitinous points on the plates of the prothorax; the dorsal plate is 
marked with an inverted V, the apex of which is broadened into a 
reticulated area; the ventral plate is marked with a single impressed 
line bisecting the plate. This species is typical of a number of repre- 
sentatives of this genus breeding in dead and dying hardwoods. The 
larvae extend their mines through the sapwood and heartwood, ofteu 
completely riddling the latter, but are seldom of much importance 
except as they attack injuries on shade trees and tunnel the wood 
beneath. 
Other common species of Dicerca are D. tenebrica (Kby.) in pop- 
lars; D. durida (¥.) in dead hickory, blue beech, and alder; 2. obscura 
(F.) in dead persimmon and sumac; 2). punctulata (Sch.) in dead 
pine; ). caudata Lec. and P). tenebrosa (Kby.) in conifers; D. tuber- 
culata (C. & G.) in wounds in hemlock; DP. scobina Chevy. in sour gum; 
and PD). pugionata (Germ.) in living alder, witchhazel, and ninebark. 
The adult of the hemlock borer (Melanophila fulvoguttata 
(Harr.)) is a relatively small, dark-bronze beetle, 6.5 to 12 mm. in 
length, having the wing covers usually marked with yellow spots. 
The larvae have the prothoracic plates covered with very fine rugosi- 
ties, the dorsal side marked by a narrow inverted V and the ventral 
with a single impressed line. It occurs throughout the Eastern States 
in hemlocks and more rarely in spruce. 
The adults emerge from the trees from the latter part of May until 
late in August and lay their eggs beneath the bark scales of weakened, 
dead, or dying trees, and of logs and windthrown trees if the cambium 
is still moist. The young larvae bore through the bark, usually cutting 
an oblique gallery, and by the end of the summer practically all sizes 
of borers will be present between the bark and the wood. Those that 
have completed their full growth usually go into the bark and con- 
struct cells in which they spend the winter and pupate the next spring. 
The younger larvae overwinter in their galleries between the bark and 
the wood, resume activity in the spring, and pupate and emerge as 
adults throughout the summer months. Development is generally 
